The recent Supreme Court decision allowing large corporations to run Essay

The recent Supreme Court decision allowing large corporations to run their own political ads - Essay Example However, just before the crucial 2010 midterm congressional election period, this law was partly upended by the United States Supreme Court. In the case of Citizens United versus Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court, by a 5-4 votes, ruled that corporations and unions were constitutionally allowed to spend as much money as they can on campaign ads supporting particular candidates (Francia 16). However, the corporations were still prohibited from donating money directly to campaigns. Ever since its ruling, the court’s decision to allow large corporations run their own ads has received mixed reactions among politicians, scholars, lawyers and the rest of the citizens. Whereas some people have been in favor of the ruling, others have strongly contested the decision, terming it a threat to democracy (Carney 2). Those against the ruling argue that the decision favors republicans, threatens democracy and allows for election interference by the corporations, as they can now r un their own ads in support of a specific candidate (Kosterlitz 5). However, this is just fear of unknown. For as much as the ruling might have negative implications on the federal elections, these arguments are not true and, as far as I am concerned, the decision will not have drastic effects on the politics of the United States of America, especially the elections. Therefore, to arrive at the conclusion that the ruling will not threaten the democracy of this nation but actually help it, this paper will make several observations. First, the argument that the court’s ruling greatly favors republicans is not true because, as opposed to the previous years, nowadays most large corporations hedge their bets and give donations to both parties. In fact, they give donations to whoever is in power, or possibly going to be (Carney 2). This explains why the Obama campaigns were able to do so well. All the funds used in the campaign did not only come from individuals, a huge portion cam e from large corporation, that is, their PACs. Therefore, the ruling will not favor republicans, but it will favor the most promising or prominent party. Secondly, the claim that large corporations will greatly dominate or interfere with the politics of the country is perplexing (Carney 2). For quite a long time even before the ruling, large corporations, such as New York Times, The Washington Post, USA Today and The Wall Street Journal, among others, have had the ability to further their political needs. Under the political action committees (PACs), they have been given the permission to support and donate to political parties or candidates. Moreover, most unions or corporate lobbyist PACs have been running ads about various issues or in support of various candidates. Therefore, it a fact that this ruling will not change the politics or the election of the country, but it will just eliminate the middleman, PACs (Carney 2). Finally, the ruling is good for small businesses because it could promote free market competition. Previously, before the court’s ruling, small businesses could not compete effectively with the large corporations because they had no PACs and lacked money to give to powerful lobbyists, who had PACs, to act on their behalf. Large corporations, such as Wal-Mart, had great influence on political issues of the country and, thus, received favors from the political divine, leaving the small firms to deteriorate further and go out of business. However, with the ruling, the small firms

Academic essay on Fatigue Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Academic on Fatigue - Essay Example The fatigue after cancer treatment is normal, but it is recommended that if it persists, then one should consult their physicians for assistance lest it develops into a more complex condition. This resulting fatigue can be a problem in itself, and as such, requires to be managed. To evaluate on the potential evaluations which can save the situation, this study text will analyse the case of one John, who is a patient recovering from cancer and is experiencing fatigue from the chemotherapy. He feels that his life has been limited by the fatigue and requests a mediation strategy to help him out of the situation. The study highlights the causal factors of fatigue, an intervention approach to curb his current fatigue, and finally an approach to prevent him from experiencing fatigue during the rest of his chemotherapy treatment. This study text is based on a cancer patient, John, who is a recuperating cancer patient. He has undergone surgery and included in his after-treatment is chemotherapy. He has undergone four chemotherapy sessions while in hospital but the fifth he receives from an outpatient clinic. The chemotherapy is having side effects on him, and especially fatigue which comes with cancer treatment. He complains of excessive tiredness, has reduced his working time, and still feels tired after resting for long hours. Additionally, he has maintained his pre-treatment diet, and says exercising at the gym is not necessary since he has been participating in some projects which keep him busy such as helping in local charities and looking after his grandchildren. He therefore requests information as to how he can deal with his current fatigue, and the extra fatigue expected as he continues with his chemotherapy Fatigue resulting from cancer and chemotherapy is similar to the common fatigue. It is simply lack of energy which adds up as tiredness and weakness. A person with fatigue feels that their normal

Starting Or Running Your Own Business Commerce Essay

Starting Or Running Your Own Business Commerce Essay Starting or running your own business is a very big task,running your own business is also challenging ,interesting ,rewarding, exiting and fulfilling indeed its is also frustrating ,exhausting, frightening and tricky. An entrepreneur is who organizes and manage a business taking risk for the sake of profits with skills to operate a business Entrepreneur is a person who willing to take risk with his money to make money. The skills need for the 21th century entrepreneur. He should be a self -starter, willing to work hard, he should have a ability to handle uncertainty. Having self -discipline .All and above the risk tolerance its very important. Entrepreneur is prepared for fresh approaches, come up with crazy ideas that may just work. The competencies on which the 21th century Entrepreneur have to focus. Entrepreneur has to understand that the risk taking means is to try something new. For entrepreneur networking is the key business activity from which you can provide information, co llaboration, expertise and sales .entrepreneur have a strategic thinking in a sense the value of planning process and to recognize the opportunities. Entrepreneur builds trust and relationships with the customers and also generates high level of customer service and come up with customer expectation. The biggest challenge for an entrepreneur is the current global economy. Entrepreneurs who have tried and failed are part of the risk taking economy, But it is not necessary to accept the current failure rate as normal John Baldwin The entrepreneur should be an business minded and he should have a good understanding of how to run an business, then entrepreneur should have a positive attitude and he should be a self starter being an entrepreneur you have to make a big decision regarding advertising, what is your product and who are they best suited In this assignment its shows the skills and competencies for 21th century entrepreneur .In this assignment successful I had an interview with MR Ben who own a company know a I AM SOLD the question ask him about the difficulties and pressure in running own business and also the skills should have for new entrepreneur. Mr BEN company started in year 2009 .it is successfully running then .the company I AM SOLD is basically a real estate business .this business was started by Mr. Ben now he have four shareholders for his company. By seeing the success of the company we can that the company will have a great future Critical evaluation To get business idea There is lot of business ideas around us. Business ideas are mostly come after analysing the market and customer needs if your want to open a new business and you want to get a idea for that you have to examine your own skills first to open a business you have to focus on area on which you are good. You have to be ready for business opportunities you have to observe the market closely read the business news daily, to get a new idea for business you can ask the peoples what they want. Business Plan For starting a new business it is necessary we should have a business plan. Business planning play a vital for starting a new business or growing your business, there are many types templates and variations of an business plan is exits,you have to choose the right one for your purpose ,having an business knowledge is a separate issues .you have to create a well executed business plan to get succeed in your business .you should have good business plan so that investors are willing to invest in your business. Self-Motivation Motivation is processes, this process is influences from families and friend but when speaking about the entrepreneur they have the self motivated and get succeed. Self motivation plays a major role in starting a new business for an entrepreneur. You have to motivate yourself that you can do it. You must always think positive. You should be self-starter with a clear desired goal in mind. You should have an self confident on you and yours ideas. Customer services Its very important to attract customer for your business, for that your customer services should be excellent and with many option available .your is going to succeed if only when you treat your customer properly. For attracting more customers you have to run a promotional schemes .the most important part is to reply customer queries quickly. if you reply customer late then it will creates negative impression on customer. Marketing Strategy You should have a good marketing strategy; if your marketing strategy is good you not face any problem to attract customers .you should have a unique marketing strategy .you should not copy from your competitors. Because if your marketing strategy is same or copied of your competitors then your market reputation is going to suffer and youre going to lose your customer. The basic marketing strategy is to is to understand your customer need and develop your marketing planning on surrounding of those needs. Spend more time in researching and creating strategic for marketing plan. You have to spend some time on your previous customer Its is important when you spend money on marketing you should forget to create a way to track those marketing efforts. Investors for your business The toughest job for the entrepreneur for starting a new business is to find investors. There is a lot of peoples who can invest in your business, but some of then have combination of understanding, the investor should have investment focus and risk tolerance to be your investors. You have to find potential investors and you have inspired the investors to risk their money your business. Investors are mainly focus on how money you new to start your business and expected rate of return will be Time management Time management is very important in your business, time management is very difficult task for an entrepreneur. You have write list of things your are going to do in dairy its should be in order ,you have to make a schedule for everything you have to do ,after finish of that work you have to ticked off so that it will become easy to know what you have done and what else you have to do. You have to make a target far days and weeks and you have try to achieve them. Dont have to waste time for making decision. Take less time for any process. Working in a team will save the time. Biggest challenges For starting a new business the challenges are mainly depends upon the business.The things come on your mind tight economic time.  · To find a right business in the market  · The biggest challenge is to got investors or adequate capital for your business  · To get legal brand name for the company.  · To get a require permits from, the governments  · To get well skilled employees.  · To do market survey and scope of work  · To attract the customer to buy your product. Stand Out From Your Competitors For running a successful business you have to get over your competitors, for you have to know your competitors for that you have to try something different from other. Company mainly have to focus on best customer service .you have to make strong relation with your prospect then other competitors do. You have to used different marketing strategies from other competitors. You have to create a free irresistible offer so that shows your prospect and show then how well you understand their problems and solved then. Offer discounts and free consultation Finance for your business The most important part for starting business is how you are going to finance your business .first you have to know about how much money you need to start a business there different recourses to get the required money for your business. Either you can take a loan from bank or you can go by investment finance, to get a investors for your business. Who will invest their money for your business or else if want to finance through your family and friend .I spoke MR Ben who finance his business by borrowing Money from friends and family Finance You are started this business to make money, thats why its very important for you to handle your money well, this includes by knowing how to do a limited start-up .spending your money only when you needed and making to do with the equipment and the supplies you have .you to got to know the best pricing structure for your business in order to get best kind of return from your product. If you manage your cash flow well then your business will start to run then you will be able to survive the up and down of the market the important thing for you to focus on bottom line. You should ask your self for every spending for each and every step of your business you have to think positively. Handle tough business decisions In our lives and businesses we make lot of decision but some decisions are can be stressful. Because of some decisions involved money, resources and our reputations. When you had to make a tough business decisions you have immediately focus on resolution. You have to concentrate on the present task and try to generate a flexible solution. Dont take your decision to fast, take a deep breath, clear your mind and think positive, consult with co leaks and take the right decisions. Conclusion The results of various researches regarding entrepreneur skills for 21th century and the pressure and complexities associated with running a small business has been shown in this assignment. After having an interview with MR BEN from I AM SOLD I came to know that the entrepreneur should have  · The entrepreneur should possess with self motivation because if an entrepreneur is self motivated he can face any tough situation very effectively.  · It is very important for you to focus your work and energy in each and every step to make your business successful.  · For an entrepreneur most difficult part is to manage time, to overcome that we should maintain a dairy with schedule what you have to do.  · You should have a business knowledge and skills for starting a new business .you have to your ability on which field your are good at  · If you are the entrepreneur then its your job to know what type of sales you prefer and what types of services you can provide for the customers.  · As an entrepreneur you should have an ability to take risk .because without taking risk you cant be successful.  · As an entrepreneur you should maintain your cash flow, because your business ear money and finance play a very important role in your business.  · For handling taught decision you should not take decision too fast, you have to concentrate on it first for solution.  · The main thing on which MR BEN is more focus is on work hard, to get success in your business.  · If you want to be success entrepreneur then should be work alone you should not depend on anyone and you should have self confident on you for handling tough situations. REFRENCES Rachel bridge. (2008) You can do it too. Kogan Page Ltd [Online].Availableat:http://www.powerhomebiz.com/vol69/entreskills.htm (Accessed: 4/22/2010). Starting a business in minneapolis a practical guide [Online].Availableat:http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cped/docs/starting_a_business.pdf (Accessed: 4/05/2010). Starting a new business [Online].Availableat:http://www.ador.state.al.us/taxpayerassist/newbus.pdf (Accessed: 4/20/2010). [Online].Available at http://www.rjmartino.com/2005/08/28/three-biggest-challenges-for-small-business/ (Accessed: 4/05/2010). [Online].Available http://www.entrepreneur.com/ask/category14.html (Accessed: 15/04/2010). [Online].Available http://www.smallbusinessbible.org/how_bring_customers.html (Accessed: 20/04/2010). Ian hunter (2005) Risk ,persistence and focus : A LIife cycle of an entrepreneur,Australian economic history review ,vol 45 Available [online ]http://wf2dnvr16.webfeat.org/oNuDO1172/url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118682522/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1SRETRY=0 (Accessed: 8/05/2010). [Online].Available http://www.morebusiness.com (Accessed:21/04/2010). [Online].Available http://www.zeromillion.com/business/starting/entrepreneur.html (Accessed:8/05/2010). ANNOTED BIBLIGRAPHY Rachel bridge. (2008) You can do it too. Kogan Page Ltd In this book the author shows you can do it too means you can also be an entrepreneur Starting a business in minneapolis a practical guide [Online].Availableat:http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cped/docs/starting_a_business.pdf (Accessed: 4/05/2010). In this one the author shows the steps to follow to start a new business and how can your business be sucessful. Ian hunter (2005) Risk ,persistence and focus : A LIife cycle of an entrepreneur,Australian economic history review ,vol 45 Available [online ]http://wf2dnvr16.webfeat.org/oNuDO1172/url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118682522/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1SRETRY=0 (Accessed: 8/05/2010). I this one the athors shows the risks the entrepreneur faceses and how the entrepreneurs come throught from that Starting a new business [Online].Availableat:http://www.ador.state.al.us/taxpayerassist/newbus.pdf (Accessed: 4/20/2010). In this book the author show the basic steps for stating a new business ,the thinks we have to remember before starting a new business . [Online].Available http://www.smallbusinessbible.org/how_bring_customers.html (Accessed: 20/04/2010). I this one its shows how to attract the customers to buy your products the Marketing Strategy [Online].Available http://www.entrepreneur.com/ask/category14.html (Accessed: 15/04/2010). I this one its the question ask for a entrepreneur when starting a new business . Questions for an entrepreneur 1. Why did you start this business? 2. What inspired you to start this business? 3. How and where did you get this idea for a business? 4. What makes this business stand out from the rest? 5. How did you finance the business? 6. What are your most significant products or services? Whats your strategy for getting and keeping profitable customers 7. How difficult was it to get investors? How did you find investors for your business? 8. What are your marketing strategies for this business? 9. How you manage your finance? 10. How are you managing your time? 11. How do you handle tough business decisions? 12. What was the most difficult part of starting the business? 13. What are your expectations for the future with regards to this business? 14. What advice would you give an entrepreneur starting out today? 15. .How did you know it was the right idea? 16. What is the worst experience youve had as an entrepreneur? 17. What are the biggest challenges you face now? 18. How have sales grown in the last few years 19. What has been your most effective marketing tactic or technique? 20. What possibilities or opportunities do you see for your business in 2011? 21. If you were to start a new business today, what would it be?

Ozone Depletion and Industrial Output Essay -- Ozone Layer Environment

Ozone Depletion and Industrial Output For years, we have heard about the ozone crisis: that because of industrialization and the lack of pollution-consciousness by our industries, governments, and academia, we have put so many environmentally harmful products into the atmosphere that our ozone – the good kind, the kind that protects us from harmful UV radiation – is becoming dangerously damaged. It is becoming thinner and developing holes, like the large hole over Antarctica. Predictions made expected the ozone hole to continue to increase and for the general thickness to get continuously thinner, so that the harmful UV rays of the sun would pass right through our atmosphere and fry our skin if we went outside for ten minutes fifty years from now. (I was actually told this in elementary school, except that we were told that this was an inevitable scenario, and there was really nothing that we could do about it other than buy SPF 250 sun-block. As a tech fix, this would probably be entirely p ossible!) However, recent evidence has shown that the rate of expansion of the ozone hole is actually decreasing; that the ozone is not being destroyed as quickly as experts thought it would. In fact, the ozone held its own and showed very little damage for a few years at the end of the 1990s. Why? Perhaps it is because emissions that damage the ozone are being reduced internationally, therefore resulting in an overall reduction of damage done annually to the ozone, allowing it to begin to repair itself. Before it was known that they would cause great damage to the ozone, many factories not only released uncontrolled amounts of polluting emissions, but they also developed products that were very damaging t... ...t, there is the realistic path of dangerously continuing to destruct our atmosphere. Basically, cleaning up technology and industry in order to reduce emissions and other problems is an uphill battle, but a very feasible one if enough people recognize it as worthy. If industry continues to reduce emissions, and is given incentives to institute greener technologies rather than just cleaning up old ones, I think that we will well be on our way to ceasing ozone damage and perhaps also to help eradicate other environmental problems. Works Cited Fahey, D.W. and A.R. Ravishankara. Summer in the Stratosphere. Science, v.285, n.5425, p.208-210, July 1999. Kerr, Richard. A Brighter Outlook for Good Ozone. Science, v.297, p.1623-1625, September 2002. Poliakoff, Martyn et al. Green Chemistry: Science and Politics of Change. Science, v.297, p.807-810, August 2002.

Water and Bubble

Bubble-ology I. Introduction Everybody loves bubbles! But what makes bubbles form, and float up in the air until they pop? A soap bubble The secret to a good bubble is something called surface tension, an invisible bond that holds water molecules together. Water is a polar molecule, so it has plus and minus ends just like magnets that attract each other. When the water molecules align with each other they stick together, creating surface tension. You might think that it is the surface tension of the water that holds the skin of a bubble together.Actually, the surface tension of water is too strong to make a bubble. You can try yourself to blow a bubble with plain old water, it just won't work! A good bubble solution has a detergent added to it to relax the surface tension of the water, allowing it to have more elastic, stretchy properties. Now it can act more like the skin of a balloon, stretching out nice and thin, trapping air inside of the bubble like a liquid balloon. II. Review of Related Abstract Making your own bubble solution is fun, but sometimes the bubbles don't seem to work as well as the solutions you buy in the store.In this experiment you can test if adding corn syrup or glycerin to your bubble solution will make it just as good as the stuff you can buy. This experiment will have you blowing bubbles! Objective In this experiment you will test if adding glycerin or corn syrup will improve a mixture of bubble solution. Credits Sara Agee, Ph. D. , Science Buddies Dawn ® is a registered trademark of Procter & Gamble. All rights reserved. What do you need to make a good bubble solution at home? The basic ingredients are water and detergent.In this experiment, you will add glycerin or corn syrup to see if they can help you make better bubbles. Which solution will make the biggest bubbles? Which bubbles will last the longest? Terms and Concepts To do this type of experiment you should know what the following terms mean. Have an adult help you search t he Internet, or take you to your local library to find out more! Water molecule Polar molecule Surface tension Physical properties Elastic properties Detergent III. METHODOLOGY Materials and Equipment Glass mason jars with lids (recycled jars work great) Measuring cups and spoonsDistilled Water Liquid dishwashing soap (e. g. Dawn ®) Glycerin, small bottle (available at a drugstore or pharmacy) Light corn syrup Pipe cleaners Stopwatch Procedure First, make your bubble solutions, and store them in clearly labeled glass mason jars. Use one jar for each different solution and label with the formula using a permanent marker. Here are three basic solutions to try, but notice that the total volume of the solution is kept consistent: IngredientSolution #1 detergent onlySolution #2 detergent + glycerinSolution #3 detergent + corn syrup Water 1 cup (240 mL) + 1 Tbsp (15 mL) cup (240 mL)1 cup (240 mL) Detergent2 Tbsp (30 mL)2 Tbsp (30 mL)2 Tbsp (30 mL) Glycerin —– 1 Tbsp (15 mL ) —– Corn Syrup —– —– 1 Tbsp (15 mL) Now make a pipe cleaner wand for each solution. Pinch a pipe cleaner in the middle and give it a kink. Bend one half of the pipe cleaner into a circle and twist together at the center. Repeat with the other two pipe cleaners, and check that all three circles are the same diameter. Go outside and test your bubble solutions. Blow a bubble and catch it on your wand. Immediately start the stopwatch and time how long the bubble lasts.This will take some practice, so try it out on some extra solution before you start! Repeat the experiment as many times as possible for each solution. Record your data in a data table: Solution #1 – Bubble Time (secs)Solution #2 – Bubble Time (secs)Solution #3 – Bubble Time (secs) Trial 1 Trial 2 . . . . . . . Trial 20 TOTAL Average Bubble Time in Seconds For each bubble solution, calculate the average time in seconds that the bubbles lasted. Do this calculat ion by adding up all of the data for a solution, and dividing by the number of trials for that solution.

Emotional Physical and Mental Benefit of Horseback Riding

†¢ Overall sense of wellbeing: Horseback riding is a great combination of cardiovascular and muscle-strengthening exercise. As we have discussed in previous articles, regular exercise imparts various psychological benefits. †¢ Increased self-confidence: The idea of being able to control an animal much larger than ourselves improves our self-confidence. Adding a new skill to our repertoire also increases our sense of self worth. †¢ Decreased stress: When you engage in horseback riding, you need to focus on the nuances of the entire ritual and process.This helps take your mind off mundane worries, which in turn relieves stress. †¢ Improved focus: For me, the most eye-opening aspects of horseback riding are the subtle details that are involved in every step of the process, from preparing the horse for the ride all the way to dismounting the horse. All of this not only requires significant focus but also helps cultivate better focus. †¢ Improved self-discipline: The art of horse care and horseback riding is a great example of inter-species communication. Every nuance of our behavior affects the horse’s behavior.Therefore, in order to be a good rider, you must cultivate the self-discipline to modulate your own behavior e. g. : smooth breathing, overall calmness, etc. †¢ Improved patience: Horseback riding requires learning a whole new set of skills which takes time. And getting to understand the psychology of horses is a process too. So, by riding horses regularly, we can learn to be more patient which is a desirable quality. †¢ A sense of freedom and elation: I can tell you from my own experience that being able to ride a horse, a much bigger and powerful creature, gives me a sense of elation and freedom.I know of many people who have had the same experience. †¢ A sense of teamwork, responsibility and social networking: Working with a group of people (e. g. : trainers, fellow riders, etc. ) towards the same goal teache s us the value of teamwork and responsibility. This is especially important for children. Additionally, children enjoy the opportunity to develop a healthier social network which is less likely to lead them to troubles. †¢ Development of respect for animals: I believe every human should show respect for our fellow animals.Horseback riding definitely makes us aware of the amazing abilities and sensibilities of horses thus creating a renewed respect for animals. †¢ Improved risk-taking abilities: Since riding is clearly a risk sport, the process of becoming an accomplished rider teaches us how to manage potential risks judiciously. †¢ Therapeutic riding: Horseback riding has been used since the 50? s, with much success, in helping physically disabled people to improve their physical and emotional health. This is described as therapeutic riding. Emotionally disabled people are also known to benefit from therapeutic riding.For example, autistic children are known to focus better and even utter their first spoken words while on the back of a horse. †¢ Safety comes first: Please be careful in choosing a training farm and/or a trainer. Attention to the safety of people and animals is paramount; and wearing a helmet is a must. (http://medinagazette. northcoastnow. com/2010/07/21/the-psychology-of-horseback-riding/) Psychological Benefits * General sense of well-being. Exercise in the fresh air of a ranch, away from hospitals, doctors office, therapy rooms, or home help to promote a sense of well-being. Improved self-confidence Confidence is gained by mastering a skill normally performed by able-bodied people. The ability to control an animal much larger and stronger than oneself is a great confidence builder. Participating in events such as shows and play days add to the sense of achievement. * Increased interest in the outside world. For those confined by a disability, the world tends to shrink in size. Riding increases interest in what is happeni ng around the rider, as the rider explores the world from the back of a horse. Even exercising becomes interesting when done on horseback. Increased interest in one's own life. The excitement of riding and the experiences involved stimulate the rider, encouraging the rider to speak and communicate about it. * Improved risk-taking abilities. Riding is a risk sport. The rider learns to master fears though the act of staying on the horse, as well as attempting new skills and positions on the horse. * Development of patience. Since the horse has a mind of it's own, the rider learns patience as he or she attempts to perform skills on the horse when the horse is not cooperating.Repetition of basic riding principles also helps to develop patience. * Emotional control and self-discipline. The rider quickly learns that an out-of-control rider means an out-of-control horse. Shouting, crying, and emotional outbursts upset the horse, which in turn frightens the rider. Riders learn to control th ese emotions and appropriately express them. * Sense of normality. By being able to master a skill considered difficult by the able population, the rider experiences him/herself as being normal. * Expansion of the locus of control.The rider begins to view him/herself as having control over his/her world as control over a powerful animal increases. (http://www. strides. org/psycho. html) * Friendship. Although riding can be a solitary activity, it is normally performed in groups. Riders share a common love of horses and a common experience of riding — a good foundation on which to build a friendship. * Development of respect and love for animals. Horses require a great deal of care and attention. Riders find themselves bonding with the animals. They develop an interest in them and learn to care for them.They learn to put the needs of the horse first. * Increased experiences. The variety of experiences involved in riding are endless. From tacking and grooming to trail riding, f rom going to horse shows to learning the parts of a horse, the rider is constantly experiencing and growing. The horse also provides the rider with the ability to go places otherwise inaccessible due to the disability. * Enjoyment. There is no doubt about it, riding a horse is fun. Riders experience excitement and pleasure every time they come for a lesson. (http://www. strides. org/social. html) Physical Benefits * Improved balance.As the horse moves, the rider is constantly thrown off-balance, requiring that the rider's muscles contract and relax in an attempt to rebalance. This exercise reaches deep muscles not accessible in conventional physical therapy. The three-dimensional rhythmical movement of the horse is similar to the motion of walking, teaching rhythmical patterns to the muscles of the legs and trunk. By placing the rider in different positions on the horse (therapeutic vaulting), we can work different sets of muscles. Stopping and starting the horse, changing speed and changing direction increase the benefits. Strengthened muscles. Muscles are strengthened by the increased use involved in riding. Even though riding is exercise, it is perceived as enjoyment, and therefore the rider has increased tolerance and motivation to lengthen the period of exercise. * Improved coordination, faster reflexes, and better motor planning. Riding a horse requires a great deal of coordination in order to get the desired response from the horse. Since the horse provides instant feedback to every action by the rider, it is easy to know when you have given the correct cue.Repetition of patterned movements required in controlling a horse quickens the reflexes and aids in motor planning. * Stretching of tight or spastic muscles. Sitting on a horse requires stretching of the adductor muscles of the thighs. This is accomplished by pre-stretching prior to mounting the horse, and starting the rider off on a narrow horse, gradually working to wider and wider horses. Gravity helps to stretch the muscles in front of the leg as the rider sits on the horse without stirrups. Riding with stirrups with heels level or down helps to stretch the heel cords and calf muscles.Stomach and back muscles are stretched as the rider is encouraged to maintain an upright posture against the movement of the horse. Arm and hand muscles are stretched as part of routine exercises on the horse and by the act of holding and using the reins. * Decreased spasticity. Spasticity is reduced by the rhythmic motion of the horse. The warmth of the horse may aid in relaxation, especially of the legs. Sitting astride a horse helps to break up extensor spasms of the lower limbs. Holding the reins helps to break flexor spasm patterns of the upper limbs.Many of the developmental vaulting positions are also designed to break up or reduce spasticity. Fatigue also helps to decrease spasticity by producing relaxation. * Increased range of motion of the joints. As spasticity is reduced, range of motion increases. Range of motion is also improved by the act of mounting and dismounting, tacking up, grooming, and exercises during lessons. * Reduction of abnormal movement patterns. If spasticity is reduced and range of motion increased, it follows that abnormal movements will be inhibited.Relaxation techniques while riding also help to inhibit abnormal movement. * Improved respiration and circulation. Although riding is not normally considered a cardiovascular exercise, trotting and cantering do increase both respiration and circulation. * Improved appetite and digestion. Like all forms of exercise, riding stimulates the appetite. The digestive tract is also stimulated, increasing the efficiency of digestion. * Sensory integration. Riding stimulates the tactile senses both through touch and environmental stimuli.The vestibular system is also stimulated by the movement of the horse, changes in direction and speed. The olfactory system responds to the many smells involved in a st able and ranch environment. Vision is used in control of the horse. The many sounds of a ranch help to involve the auditory system. All of these senses work together and are integrated in the act of riding. In addition, proprioceptors ( receptors that give information from our muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints) are activated, resulting in improved proprioception. (http://www. strides. org/physical. html)

Course Description Essays

Course Description Essays Course Description Essay Course Description Essay Course Description This class covers generalist pattern accomplishments in the beginning stage of the assisting procedure with persons and households. Initially, basic communicating and questioning accomplishments indispensable to the assisting relationship within all system sizes are introduced and practiced. Following this basic accomplishment debut, pupils learn the undertakings and accomplishments required in the beginning stage of pattern, including readying, battle, foremost interview accomplishments and instance certification. Students so learn the procedure of roll uping relevant societal, psychological, cultural, economic, biological and religious information from both persons and households utilizing a strengths position. The procedure of analysing and synthesising this information for the intents of job preparation is besides introduced. The stairss of the catching procedure which link appraisal to intercession are besides examined and practiced. Last, instance direction as a signifier of so cietal work intercession is examined from an historical and modern-day position foregrounding the brokering and protagonism functions. Throughout this class accent is placed on the pattern and application of accomplishments through the usage of function dramas and other synergistic exercisings utilizing instance examples representative of the client populations with whom the pupils work. Topographic point of Course in the Curriculum This class is the 2nd portion of the three class generalist societal work pattern sequence. It is taken during the same semester as the first class in the sequence, Social Justice: Practice with Organizations and Communities ( SWGS 6319 ) . ( Students, who have taken SWGS 6320 Generalist Social Work Practice with Organizations and Communities, may replace that class for SWGS 6319. ) Course Aims Upon completion of this class, pupils are expected to: 1. Get the basic Renaissance man pattern accomplishments to interpret an apprehension of the interaction of environmental and biological, psychological, societal and religious factors into work with clients. 2. Develop basic accomplishments to prosecute clients in the assisting procedure. This includes the relationship constructing accomplishments of interviewing, communicating and relationship accomplishments. 3. Learn the rules and techniques of roll uping, forming and measuring informations in order to develop basic biopsychosocial and religious appraisals of diverse clients and/or household systems and to analyse the interplay of multiple systems. 4. Guided by a strengths position, develop basic accomplishments related to the procedure of issue preparation, , end scene and undertaking about worker and client s function in the assisting procedure and intercession mode ( s ) and methods. 5. Develop the ability to place programs of action with clients to assist beef up their capacity to cover with issues, based on the appraisal of strengths, resources and obstructions within clients and their environments. 6. Develop a basic apprehension of how the societal worker s self-awareness pertaining to gender, age, civilization, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation influences the witting usage of ego in pattern. 7. Analyze the function of personal and professional values in pattern and the possible ethical issues and quandaries that may emerge. 8. Develop an consciousness of the impact of diverseness on the appraisal and intercession procedure ( i.e. civilization, gender, etc. ) between worker and clients and among a wide scope of clients. 9. Develop an ability to place and run in a broad scope of interventive functions such as facilitator, go-between, advocator, counsellor, accelerator, and societal agent. 10. Develop a beginning ability to implement a program of action, scheme for measuring intercession and program for future activities through the application of critical thought accomplishments. 11. Acknowledge the demand to orient the appraisal and intercession procedure to run into client s specific demands, particularly as it relates to populations at hazard including immigrants and refugees. 12. Have a basic apprehension of instance direction with diverse populations with peculiar attending to the accomplishments of brokering and protagonism when associating clients to needed services.

Evolution or Revolution

Evolution or Revolution The 15th to 18th centuries was a period that prided itself on classical precedents and continuity, yet witnessed dramatic change and innovation that revolutionized warfare. From Europe to Asia to North America, major historical vents took place resulting into radical socioeconomic changes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution or Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, depending on one’s perspective, the events and activities that occurred between the 15th to 18th centuries can be either revolutionary or evolutionary. It is also imperative to note that historians do not exhibit similarities in knowledge base since each historian analyses past events differently. Thus, it is imperative to examine the same events and present them as both evolutionary and revolutionary simultaneously. To start with, revolution is an impulsive, far-reaching, or absolute deep-seated change in the manner of thinking regarding something. On the other hand, evolution is a change in a definite course of a progression, incessant alteration from straightforward to more intricate, with the results representing an enhanced state; or a course of steady, social, political and economic progress[1]. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, many things happened, some taking a short life span and others a long life span. Thus, it is imperative to look at some examples and analyze whether they are evolutionary or revolutionary. For instance, the path towards the making of American constitution was revolutionary. Starting in 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord were the foundation of the American Revolution. However, a critical analysis of the situation reveals how the process was more of evolution than revolution. In fact, the American Revolution itself did not commence arbitrarily, but was a matter planned very well. Additionally, before the real war started, many developments took place. Some historians claim that the foremost thing that led to the Revolutionary War was the influx of Europeans into the land of America and the dictatorial control. The Sugar Act of 1764 was also another thing that triggered the American Revolution. From these examples, it is fair to say that the period between 1500 and 1800 was both revolutionary and evolutionary. The 15th to 18th centuries also saw United States enter into a civil war, which many term â€Å"the second American Revolution†. The American States fought amongst themselves to control the affairs of the entire region. Although the Civil War matched the characteristics of a revolutionary process, its causes were on the contrary different.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Undeniably, some factors dominant in this period for example, slavery were evolutionary because, from the initial stages of colonialism, slavery had been one of the American institutions. However, as time went by, the northern states plotted a move to abolish slavery. On the contrary, the southern states continued practicing it. However, the election of a sympathetic President and some constitutional amendments such as the right to vote almost abolished servitude. Clearly, this was an evolutionary process. Another instance, which actuary took place between the 15th to 18th centuries is industrial revolution. History is replete with information on people abandoning coal as the form of energy and adopting electricity as the new source. In overall, social and economic revolution occurred during this period and jobs opportunities increased. Technologically, various countries for example, United States and Britain adopted new technologies by abandoning the old mechanizations. In Britain for example, great industrial revolution took place and caused the rise in prices of commodities and fostering of the money economy. At first, many countries found it hard to adapt the new technological innovations due to lack of expertise. Thus, in order to deploy the new technology, countries had to seek expertise from other country familiar with the technology. Even today, most developing countries encounter challenges in deploying technological innovation to warfare[2]. References Braudel, Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century. New York: World History Center, 1985. Web. Lewis, Hackett. Industrial Revolution. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Web. Footnotes Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century (New York: World History Center, 1985). Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century (New York: World History Center, 1985).

Atlanta Home

Atlanta Home Loan Case 1. )Types of controls Al Fiorni used: Action Controls: -By not letting Wilbur sign the checks he administered an administrative constraint on him. This allowed for Al to approve the outflow of cash from his company. -Al was smart to forward the corporate mail to California because it allowed him to have an idea of the overhead expenses the company was incurring. -Although Al was not monitoring the day to day operations of the company he monitored tracked the employee head count, number of leads, credit inquiries, loan applications funded expenses and bank activity. By monitoring these actions Al can hold employees accountable for desired actions or undesired actions. 2) What went wrong? A lot went wrong. Even the controls that Al implemented above he left loopholes which weakened them significantly. Even though he would not let Wilbur sign the checks he left four unsigned checks with Letitia which in turn defeated the purpose of him not allowing Wilbur to sign the checks. In this case, he did use the right action control but he failed to implement it properly. When Al monitored the day to day operations of the company from afar he was doing the right thing but he also did not implement it efficiently. Al should have communicated to all the employees how he was monitoring their actions. Not only to catch wrongdoings but also to reward the employees for exceptional work. This would have prevented undesirable actions if employees would know that they would be held accountable for their actions. This would have also spurred good behavior if they knew there was a reward for such behavior. Al Fiorni did not properly set up personal and cultural controls. I believe his biggest mistake was not preparing his company for his departure in a timely manner. Because he was in such a rush to get to California he was not able to ensure the personal control of employee selection and placement. Al should have devoted a considerable amount of time to finding the right person to do the job and give them the necessary resources and training to be successful.

Internet devepolment Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internet devepolment - Research Proposal Example The main motive behind the site is improvement of ways of the business by incorporating the e-business. So the website with e-business provides more efficiency related to e-business. The website should use simple and efficient ways to handle the customer and also site visitors. You can have hyperlinks everywhere you can move anywhere on the web site freely and come back where you want. One of important thing that is customer learn-ability, if he/she is able to get the information then he will be satisfied and move forward with you. As I early mentioned that business provides its clear policy and its offers, this thing attracts the customer. So customer retention by learn-ability is more forced here. Accessibility is an attempt to get better the accessibility of the Website for people who are working or using that website. This is especially significant for people who are doing any online transaction or involved in any business on the Web. All elements on the site have to be perceivable i.e. provide text for non-text content. Here in web site you will need to all information related to your account, business policy, new offers and many other things that are important for a customer. Interface parts must be in the content and must be operable (i.e. ... As I early mentioned that business provides its clear policy and its offers, this thing attracts the customer. So customer retention by learn-ability is more forced here. Structure and navigation Site structure needs to be simple and proper. There should be no complication in its design and navigation. We need to see where you are and how to go back from where you have come. Accessibility Accessibility is an attempt to get better the accessibility of the Website for people who are working or using that website. This is especially significant for people who are doing any online transaction or involved in any business on the Web. Perceivable All elements on the site have to be perceivable i.e. provide text for non-text content. Here in web site you will need to all information related to your account, business policy, new offers and many other things that are important for a customer. Operable Interface parts must be in the content and must be operable (i.e. right to use via a keyboard or keyboard interface) for instance, if you make use of the site it should also provide you TAB capability to move to next button or menu. You can also make use of other keys for assessing any thing. If we view this in other prospective then any proper person can be able to access his account. Its mean that account in operable only to him. Understandable Information and data that is provided on the web site must be understandable i.e. text should not be ambiguous. This point is design related. Here we talk about the font size its style and its readability level. Business site gives you a apparent and suitable font style. That is same all the way through the site. This

Balancing Freedom of the Press and the Right to a Fair Trial Term Paper

Balancing Freedom of the Press and the Right to a Fair Trial - Term Paper Example Over the past several years, the US Supreme Court has decided a number of cases involving the effects of publicity before and during a hearing on the defendant’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process (Curry, Riley, & Battistoni, 2003, p. 462). In doing so, the US Supreme Court has provided valuable guidance for trial judges to follow to provide a reasonable balance between the right to a fair and impartial adjudication process and the right to free/unrestrained press. One popular pre-trial mechanism is a change of venue. However, the US Supreme Court has emphasized that a change of venue will not automatically be necessary because of frequent or prejudicial reports in the media indicating the defendant’s culpability or guilt. The determining factor is whether or not it is possible to empanel a jury that is capable of listening to and evaluating the evidence impartially (Neitzel, 1999). Another safeguard against the potential prejudicial effects of media reports prior to a trial is for a continuance/adjournment. It is believed that a continuance/adjournment may allow for the prejudicial information to die out. However, psychologists do not believe that delaying a trial will have an appreciable effect on the ability to recall particularly unpleasant facts (Nietzel, 1999). Moreover, delays can have an impact on the integrity of the evidence and can unfairly prejudice either the defendant of the state’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process. ... However, when inadmissible evidence is available to the jury by virtue of the press either during prior to the trial or during the trial, it is unrealistic to expect that the jury will be able to totally ignore external sources of information. Over the past several years, the US Supreme Court has decided a number of cases involving the effects of publicity before and during a hearing on the defendant’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process (Curry, Riley, & Battistoni, 2003, p. 462). In doing so, the US Supreme Court has provided valuable guidance for trial judges to follow to provide a reasonable balance between the right to a fair and impartial adjudication process and the right to free/unrestrained press. One popular pre-trial mechanism is a change of venue. However, the US Supreme Court has emphasized that a change of venue will not automatically be necessary because of frequent or prejudicial reports in the media indicating the defendant’s culpability o r guilt. The determining factor is whether or not it is possible to empanel a jury that is capable of listening to and evaluating the evidence impartially (Neitzel, 1999). Another safeguard against the potential prejudicial effects of media reports prior to a trial is for a continuance/adjournment. It is believed that a continuance/adjournment may allow for the prejudicial information to die out. However, psychologists do not believe that delaying a trial will have an appreciable effect on the ability to recall particularly unpleasant facts (Nietzel, 1999). Moreover, delays can have an impact on the integrity of the evidence and can unfairly prejudice either the defendant of the state’s right to a fair and impartial adjudication process. For example,

Temporary Works to Superstructures (Slabs) Essay

Temporary Works to Superstructures (Slabs) - Essay Example The braking system applies friction on the tire during braking and as a result, the kinetic energy is converted to heat and sometimes noise. However, the hybrid car is so energy conservative such that it uses its energy with minimal losses. The energy is converted into electrical energy by the motor installed on the car and is stored in the battery. Thus, in place of the normal braking system of friction, the car uses the electric motor. The motor runs in the opposite direction to the tires, and in so doing acts as generator, converting the lost energy into electrical energy for storage in the battery. The earth’s potential energy The earth is another system that has got very much energy pent up within its interior. This energy manifests itself in various ways, but the most common is the earth tremors and earthquakes that are experienced. This energy moves in the earth’s interior as waves referred to as seismic waves. These waves cause the movement of the earth plates. Once these waves meet and slip over each other, the pent up energy is released promptly and is propagated to the earths surface inform of seismic waves. There are of two main types, the primary waves also called longitudinal waves and the secondary waves also called transverse. The primary waves travel faster than the secondary waves but the secondary are stronger than the primary waves. If this energy is not anticipated and happens to be very high, it causes catastrophic effects on the earth. Structures are brought down and others destroyed for good. Means of harnessing this energy have not been discovered. Electric field energy The field of electric energy has really been exploited. The law enforcement agencies have also embraced this technology and developed a very beautiful and efficient gun. These guns use battery and an inbuilt circuit to produce charges. These are connected to electrodes which when the electric field created encounters the body, disrupt the nerves electrical signals which control the body muscles, making the muscles non-active and hence the criminal is subdued easily. The charge used to produce these electrical fields is regulated such that it does not cause any harm to the criminal. Another fine advancement is the discovery of the electric fish. Fish tat produce electric fields actively are known as electrogenic fish. They achieve the separation of charge by having an electric organ. The electroplates are disk like and hence once the brain launches the message, the plates become charged by a chemical progression which is just the same as that of the nerves functioning. There are many fish that are electric but the most common are the electric eel and catfish. These fish use these electric fields for catching and subduing their prey. The fish that have strong electric fields such as the eel, whose electric field makes up to fifty percent of its body, can kill a prey instantaneously as they touch it with the electrodes. They also use the se fields for locating prey or other organisms and for communicating with each other. Some fish such as the elephant nose have weak electric fields and hence they use them for communicating only. Their electric charge is as good as that contained in the batteries. Lightening energy Lightening, usually observed as a flash of light on the sky is another form

Principles of Micro Economics (Change in Supply and Demand) Research Paper

Principles of Micro Economics (Change in Supply and Demand) - Research Paper Example The law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between the price of products and services and the quantity demanded in a given period, all other things being equal. In circumstances where the price of a product increases, the market responds by decreasing the demand. In contrast, when the price of a product decreases, it is expected that the market will respond with an increased demand. The market’s sensitivity to price is also known as price elasticity (Nelson 574). Supply on the other hand increases the number of its produced units when the price of goods and service increases. In contrast, supply will decrease when price decreases. It is expected as producers are driven by profit motive and they are motivated to produce more at a higher price to increase their profit and is not motivated to create when there is no incentive for profit. Corollary, producers will only supply goods and services at a price that is higher than their marginal costs (Maurya 2). For illustration, let us use the demand schedule below; Price Quantity Demanded 1 100 2 80 3 60 4 40 5 20 According to the demand schedule, for every $1 price increase, there is a corresponding decrease in demand of 20 units. The quantity demand will continue to slide by 20 units as the price increases by a dollar. Figure 1 shows how the quantity in demand decreases with every dollar increase of price. Figure 2 will illustrate the change in demand. The demand changes because the price also changed. The illustration in figure 2 shifted to the right because there is an increase in demand as more quantity is demanded at each price. Figure 1. Change in quantity demand. Figure 2. Change in demand Supply on the other hand increases as the price increases. It increases because it provides producers an incentive to profit at a higher price. In figure 4, it showed that as demand increases, supply also increases. Conversely, supply will also decrease when demand decreases as illustrated in figur e 5. Figure 4. Demand rises Figure 5. Demand falls Supply on the other hand tends to increase as price increase. As figure X will show, the corresponding increase in price is matched with a corresponding increase in supply. So how does the change in demand can affect supply? Demand is elastic and is sensitive to price. Supply on the other hand is motivated to produce more with a higher price. The elasticity of demand or its sensitivity to price affects supply by mitigating its production because higher demand that is a result of lower price does not provide much incentive for producers to supply more (Adler and Dumas 182). This contradicting nature of supply and demand (supply increases when price increases while demand increases only when price decreases) enables the price of a product and services to be established in the market. The price of a product or service is a point where the market is willing to pay certain goods and services at a price where the supplier is also willing to supply which is not at a loss to them (McCall 404-405). This is illustrated in figure 6 where supply and demand met. In the final analysis, demand determines the number of units that will be supplied in the market, thus affecting supply. Figure 6. Price established in the market On occasions that supplier will produce more than what is demanded, say for example in figure 5 where the prevailing market price for a

Appeal letter (defer standing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appeal letter (defer standing) - Essay Example She controls my credit card and has twice failed to give me money for my daily upkeep and tuition fees. As an international student, this affects my schoolwork as the stress of finding money to cater for tuition fees and daily life is very high. I did not perform very well in my last exams, thus she sent me back to china. However, through begging she gave me a second chance. On 30th December last year, I went to China to visit my folks. Unfortunately, my parents had already divorced and father was now living with his younger lover. The new relationship that my father was into was now over two years old. It was depressing that my father cheated on my mother before the divorce with this girl. Before my arrival in China, I thought everything could turn up well but contrary the opposite happened; I got more depressed. What was annoying is that father treated the new girl much better than my mother; he showered her with love and care. He also prepared food for the new girlfriend something I have never seen him do for my mother. This made my life more unbearable, anger and jealousy clouded my mind. China was now intolerable and at some moment felt like returning to Canada. However, going to Canada at that time could not be possible considering the intense and deteriorative relationship with my aunt. The divorce agreement of my parents saw my mother retain the house. However, her wages are low making it difficult for her to pay the rent while sustaining the family. My mother’s death only worsened the situation; it deeply affected me emotionally and psychologically. It is a miracle I stayed strong until now. Each day was a nightmare and concentrating with my academic revision was impossible. Many times my mind was clouded with things beyond my control, always thinking on how unfair life has become. Last year I was very serious with my academics, always reviewing my notes in time and reading ahead of the teacher. However, now I seem to

Foreign Direct Investment and Its Impact on Economy and Ecological Essay

Foreign Direct Investment and Its Impact on Economy and Ecological Issues - Essay Example In addition to this, the review of this impact on economic state of affairs in developing countries also considers the negative and positive impacts of foreign direct investment. Apart from this, the report also discusses how foreign direct investment influences ecological and environmental issues and takes into consideration the particular kind(s) of foreign direct investment which gives rise to such ecological and environmental issues. Before going into details of these issues, it is pertinent to understand what foreign direct investment means (Fedderke and Romm; Chakraborty and Nunnenkamp). Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment refers to the investment or investments made by a corporate entity or investment institution, which operates in one country, in another corporate entity or investment institution which operates or is based in another country. In other words, foreign direct investment is an investment which comes in a country from another country directly. It i s pertinent to distinguish between foreign direct investment and those investments which are indirect, as for instance, investments made by corporate entities from foreign countries in the equity of corporate entity or entities operating in the country. ... oreign direct investment has been regarded by a number of researchers in the past as having a positive impact on the economic development of countries, where such investment takes place. An instant evidence in this regard can be put forward as an example of Chinese economy; China has been reported by the United Nations as the largest receiver of foreign direct investment in the first 6 months period of previous year 2012. The total amount of foreign direct investment received by China in initial six months of year 2012 was $ 59.1 billion, which surpassed foreign direct investment received by United States in the same period by $ 1.7 billion. This information can be directly related with the unmatched economic development which has taken place in the past few decades in China (Reuters). Since after the end of World War 2, foreign direct investment has played an important role in generating significant amounts of financial support for the developing countries. However, the flow of fore ign direct investment halted after 1970 as there was an increase in the flow of investment from foreign countries in developing countries and the financial institutions particularly commercial lending institutions found their role as diminishing. However, after certain regulatory measures were taken by the bodies and respective authorities in the developing world, foreign direct investment was again allowed to gain momentum in the mid of 90s (Vo). Upon reviewing the theoretical propositions related to the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth, it is found that there are differing views in this respect. According to the neo-liberal school of thought, foreign direct investment has a positive and direct relation with the economic development of a region. In light of this

Appeal letter (defer standing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appeal letter (defer standing) - Essay Example She controls my credit card and has twice failed to give me money for my daily upkeep and tuition fees. As an international student, this affects my schoolwork as the stress of finding money to cater for tuition fees and daily life is very high. I did not perform very well in my last exams, thus she sent me back to china. However, through begging she gave me a second chance. On 30th December last year, I went to China to visit my folks. Unfortunately, my parents had already divorced and father was now living with his younger lover. The new relationship that my father was into was now over two years old. It was depressing that my father cheated on my mother before the divorce with this girl. Before my arrival in China, I thought everything could turn up well but contrary the opposite happened; I got more depressed. What was annoying is that father treated the new girl much better than my mother; he showered her with love and care. He also prepared food for the new girlfriend something I have never seen him do for my mother. This made my life more unbearable, anger and jealousy clouded my mind. China was now intolerable and at some moment felt like returning to Canada. However, going to Canada at that time could not be possible considering the intense and deteriorative relationship with my aunt. The divorce agreement of my parents saw my mother retain the house. However, her wages are low making it difficult for her to pay the rent while sustaining the family. My mother’s death only worsened the situation; it deeply affected me emotionally and psychologically. It is a miracle I stayed strong until now. Each day was a nightmare and concentrating with my academic revision was impossible. Many times my mind was clouded with things beyond my control, always thinking on how unfair life has become. Last year I was very serious with my academics, always reviewing my notes in time and reading ahead of the teacher. However, now I seem to

Irish Urban Land Development Essay Example for Free

Irish Urban Land Development Essay Currently, Ireland is classified as a First World Economy and it has experienced exceptional economic development at an average rate of eight per cent per year between 1994 and 2001, with a humble growth rate of four per cent per year as from 2001 to date (Stewart 2005). With this rate of growth, Ireland has become more urbanized with increased population, changing agricultural practices, and reformation of local authorities to hold increased public participation and boost lucidity. In addition, there has been a change in the household development, an escalating number and forms of homes with a changing tenure system accompanied by population changes. These elements together with the exceptional economic development and low interest rates have changed the economic, environmental and social outlook of Ireland. The changes have presented numerous challenges such as traffic clogging, environmental squalor, urban sprawl, and lack of affordable housing. This has led to a broken nexus between economic development and human welfare (Drudy 1982). Ireland has had several mechanisms aimed at effecting efficient land use planning within the urban environment towards achieving sustainable development. These mechanisms include an abundance of policies and strategies. These policies and strategies include sustainable development, a strategy for Ireland 1997, National spatial strategy for Ireland 2002, and National development plan 2002-2006 among others. However, even with these initiatives, numerous challenges still persist for urban and regional policy-making in the search of an effective and efficient sustainable development (Stewart 2005). It can be debated that some political, social, and economic elements do repel policy impact from policies intentions considering the extent to which current challenges continue to exist (EU Commission 2001). Much of research related to urbanization of population is colored with powerful anti-urbanism and a desire after the values and simple life styles of traditional upcountry areas. In Ireland some research on urbanization too stresses the goodness of upcountry and the cons of urban trends. These biases are more apparent in the research and policies related to urban land and urban advancement onto agricultural land (Drudy 1982). In fact, the preservation and defense of agricultural land and rural facilities has been the force behind the ratification of physical planning laws (Bengston et al 2004). During the late 17th and 18th centuries the existing urban model was increased by establishment of great number of new towns and villages together with re-development and extension of the existing settlements. It is argued that most of the Irish town begun as a village and outgrew into modest origins by the end of 18th century. These growths were as a result of network of roads and new canal system linking the rural and the major towns and this served as a reinforcement of the dominance of Dublin which was by then the best peopled town (Drudy 1982). The escalating growth of Irish urban regions particularly Dublin presented severe land, energy and social impacts. Growth was limited to a ring of suburban prompting rapid population increase with extreme demand for school, shopping centre, transport systems and local employment. This demand called for more land thus increasing pressures on agricultural land for urban development. Irish dedication to sustainable development can be measured by looking at its housing and land-use policies. The development of one off housing in the rural areas is the significant sign of urban sprawl. In a nation marked with a growing ratio of low density space, the prevalence of one off housing suggestion is a wholesome system failure (Bengston et al 2004). Irish land use is mostly governed by local government development plans but implementation of policies are not uniform. Viewing the one-off housing policy under the economies of scale, the houses are more expensive in service provision but a lot of burden to the developer, house purchaser and even Irish community at large. This is echoed by EPA which state that single housing homes in the upcountry leads to greater car usage therefore increasing energy demands and greater usage of small waste water treatment facilities which have the tendency to pollute underground water (Bengston et al 2004). The opposition of one off housing focuses on the economic burdens for its occupants and on the exchequer. However, when placed on a national framework, there are unquestionably broader economic challenges at stake. For example the impact of sustained site sales on Irish agricultural commodities. The sale of some areas has benign effects on agricultural activities. The fact is that site sale shackle Ireland farming over medium and long-term. Smart Growth an Option for Ireland Smart growth model was born in US in the 90s and this concept entails identifying a common platform where developers, the public and public officials together with environmentalists among other stakeholders finds acceptable means of accommodating growth. The smart growth approach emphasizes on integrating economic, social, and environmental elements of planning and development. It is not an anti-development approach as many may argue but equivalent of the bigger picture of sustainable development as defined by Bruntland as development that provides the requirements of the current generation without jeopardizing the capacity of the same resources to provide the needs of the future generations (Bruntland 1987). The concept imply to offer an answers towards managing growth through public policies instruments for example regulatory instruments and fiscal policies such as incentives and disincentives aiming at accommodating growth in ways that are economically feasible, environmentally friendly and enhancing quality of life. Some of the concerns that the approach targets to address is traffic congestion, urban sprawl, overcrowding and pollution (Stewart 2005). Conclusion The global essential towards achievement of sustainable growth implies that it is important to seek means to accommodate development in ways that is economically feasible, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible. One of the major critics of traditional urban planning is that the concept, method and technique engaged lean towards re-enforcing the present. This makes it challenging for town and city to reflect, plan and establish future alternative ideas suiting to all stakeholders’ true requirements. There is a dire necessity of replacing the conventional short term quick fix model to long term integrating and holistic model in the planning and development strategies. There is need for collaboration on finding solutions and powerful political leadership for Ireland to progress from rhetoric to reality in delivering it land use policies that will lead to positive, efficient and sustainable communities. Smart growth is not a solution to development concerns but an alternative approach to the present development model and a feasible way of mitigating current and probable future social economic and environmental concerns (Stewart 2005).

Communication Is Art And Science English Language Essay

Communication Is Art And Science English Language Essay The definition of science is The systematic study of humans and their environment based on the deductions and inferences which can be made, and the general laws which can be formulated, from reproducible observations and measurements of events and parameters within the universe (Commonwealth, 2010). The definition of semantics is the study or science of meaning in language (Answers, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence from one or more words is applied science. The sentence is reproducible, inferences can be made, and general laws can be formulated. The definition of art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Retyi, 2010). The definition of adjectives is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence (Capital, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence that affects the senses or emotions is art. The se ntence may encompass a diverse range of activities, creations, and expressions. However, it may not affect similar emotions every time, which makes it irreproducible. ART AND SCIENCE Communication is art and science Communication is requisite for life. It allows sharing of information. It sustains businesses, schools, churches, governments, hospitals, and homes. Communication defines us, our personality, our connections, and our ability to reason. We could not survive without it. We would have limited cognitive processes. There would be no society. There would be no friendships. Marriages and families would be nonexistent and humans would not reproduce. Thus, we would not be. The earliest recorded form of communication was in 3500 BC when the Phoenicians developed an alphabet (New York Times, 2010). Communication slowly progressed through the centuries from hieroglyphics, homing pigeons, human messengers, heliographs, Morse code, books, newspapers, typewriters, telephone, photography, radio, television, recordable media, and computers. Today, communication can be instantly transmitted across the world via the internet or cellular phone. Endless hours of communication can be recorded on digital media. Languages are immediately translated between ethnicities and races via electronic devices. The technical evolution of communication from its earliest form to present day is a result of science. The relationship, feeling, emphasis, and bias of communication are art. The definition of science is The systematic study of humans and their environment based on the deductions and inferences which can be made, and the general laws which can be formulated, from reproducible observations and measurements of events and parameters within the universe (Commonwealth, 2010). The definition of semantics is the study or science of meaning in language (Answers, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence from one or more words ART AND SCIENCE is applied science. The sentence is reproducible, inferences can be made, and general laws can be formulated. The definition of art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Retyi, 2010). The definition of adjective is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence (Capital, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence that affects the senses or emotions is art. The sentence may encompass a diverse range of activities, creations, and expressions. However, it may not cause similar emotions every time, which makes it irreproducible. If communication were only science, then art would not exist. There would not be a way to describe how an individual feels. If communication were only art, then science would not exist. There would not be a way to describe science because pure scientific writing is void of art. Science and scientific writing is reproducible. It is not formed by deliberating arranging words to cause emotion. There is a way to combine science and art. The University of California at Santa Cruz has the only graduate science writing program in the nation that requires a degree in science and experience in research (UCSC, 2010). The program introduces scientists to mass media journalism. Students learn to practice science writing as a fine artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ explore creative and distinctive forms of science writing (USCS, 2010). Graduates work in mass media reporting on stories in science, technology, and medicine. A well known example is National Public Radio. Several writers for NPR are graduates of the program. They have successfully alchemized science and art. ART AND SCIENCE Nonverbal communication is art. Nonverbal communication includes elements of vocal tone, somatic posture, spatial arrangements, clothing, and silence. Meaning can be changed without changing the vocabulary or structure. In addition, it is culturally specific. In the United States, thumbs up are a symbol of support and acceptance but in Iran it is considered vulgar. Also, in the United States, maintaining eye contact is important and a sign of respect but in Zimbabwe it is considered rude (Wu, 2010). The science of communication is found in its vehicle. The most primitive scientific form of mass communication was the use of clay. In 2900 BC, the Sumerians invented cuneiform writing (New York Times, 2010). Wedge-shaped impressions called pictographs were pressed in clay. Merchants used the pictograph clay tokens to document the amount of materials shipped or traded. However, record keeping became difficult because the pictographs would slowly fade from the clay (New York Times, 2010). A more permanent form of mass communication became necessary. Thus, the science of communication began to evolve. The vehicles of papyrus, parchment, and paper were made from the science of botany. Gutenbergs invention of the printing press was made from the science of metallurgy. According to Mark Twain, The whole world admits unhesitatingly; and there can be no doubt about this, that Gutenbergs invention is the incomparably greatest event in the history of the world (Project Gutenberg, 2010). The vehicle of electronic communication is possible because of computer science. The art of nonverbal communication can be conveyed perfectly via electronics. Telephone, radio, television, and computers have made possible mass transmission of the art of nonverbal communication. In addition, they have made conveying the art and science of communication ART AND SCIENCE easier, faster, and less expensive. In contrast, the art of nonverbal communication is difficult to convey in typewritten form. Recently, the science of expressing emotion the art of nonverbal communication in written typewritten form has become popular by the use of emoticons. Emoticons are not vocabulary; they are text-based representations of a writers disposition. For example, the emotion happy is symbolized by writing or typing :-). It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence or idea. Howard Gardner, framer of multiple intelligences theory, sheds light on the art and science of communication. He reveals similarities between the art and science of communication and philosophy. Gardner views the invention of cognitive science a wonderful stimulus for philosophy or the art of communication. Furthermore, philosophy is an indispensable handmaiden for empirical scientists (Gardner, 1987). Gardner writes, Philosophy enables us to define fundamental cognitive scientific questions in a coherent way, and assures the proper integration of work in disparate fields, he continues, It is thus fitting that the field of philosophy, whose initial agenda helped to stimulate the rise of cognitive science, has been fueled by that new discipline, even as philosophy can, in turn, help to reform and interpret work spawned by its recent intellectual offspring (Gardner, 1987). The art or science of communication can be dissected and presented on its own. However, it can not exist in realit y 🙂 ART AND SCIENCE

The Debt-for-Nature Swap Essay -- Environment, Environmental, Costa Ri

The Debt-for-Nature Swap In recent decades, the issue of biodiversity loss in developing nations has captured the attention of many environmental groups in the global North. Since the vast majority of the Earth's plant and animal life lies within the borders of developing nations, efforts to protect global biodiversity through the promotion of environmental conservation have largely been focused in the global South. Because of this regional focus, financial mechanisms have been seen as an effective way for groups in the industrialized North to promote their environmental interests in the developing world. Debt-for-nature swaps, which became popular in the early 1990's, are one such mechanism in which an indebted developing nation agrees to invest in conservation projects or environmentally friendly actions in exchange for the cancellation of a portion of its foreign debt by a creditor. (Patterson, 4) "The location of much of the world's most diverse biota often forces agreements to trade-off conservation and conventional development goals." (Moran, 63) Debt-for-nature swaps take this into account and attempt to balance out the economic costs that an LDC (less developed nation) incurs when investing in environmental conservation. Debt-for-nature swaps can be implemented through either bilateral or commercial swap mechanisms. A bilateral debt swap may be assisted by an NGO but is primarily an agreement made between a creditor government and a debtor government. The creditor government forgives the debt owed to it, and in exchange the debtor government agrees to set aside a pre-determined amount of money to fund conservation programs within its borders. A commercial debt swap occurs when a transnational NGO purchases debt at ... ...." Conservation Biology 7 (1993): 140-147. Isla, Ana. "Women and 'Sustainable Development' in the Costa Rican Rainforest: Questioning the Politics of Corporate Environmentalism." Women & Environments International Magazine (Fall 2001): 30. Moran, Dominic. "Debt-swaps for hot-spots: more needed." Biodiversity Letters 2 (1994): 63-66. "National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Rica." World Resources Institute. 25 April 2004. http://www.wri.org/wri/biodiv/b34-gbs.html Patterson, Alan. "Debt for Nature Swaps and the Need for Alternatives." Environment 32 (1990): 4-12. Redford, Kent H. & Stearman, Allyn Maclean. "Forest-Dwelling Native Amazonians And the Conservation of Biodiversity: Interests in Common or in Collision?" Conservation Biology 7 (1993): 248-255. "The Structure of an Environmental Transaction: The Debt-for-Nature Swap." Land Economics

Essay on Names in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

The Importance of Names in Song of Solomon      Ã‚   Abstract:   In Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, names have great implication.   Language is extremely personal and deeply rooted in culture.   Names are an integral part of language, and they help to establish identity, define personality, and show ownership through formal and informal usage.    " 'Tis but thy name that is my enemy; / Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. / What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot, / Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part / Belonging to a man.   O, be some other name! / What's in a name? that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet; / So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd, / Retain that dear perfection which he owes / Without that title.   Romeo, doff thy name, / And for that name which is no part of thee / Take all myself."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the play Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare claims that a name is just a name; that it has no real significance.   Individual names and the names of cultural and racial groups can be very influential, however, as Malcolm X explains in his On Afro-American History, "So they'll say whites, Puerto Ricans and Negroes.   Pick up on that.   That's a drag, brothers.   White is legitimate.   It means what color they are.   Puerto Ricans tell you that they're something else, came from somewhere else, but they're here now.   Negro doesn't tell you anything" (16).   In Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon, which describes the tribulations faced by an African American family attempting to define and find themselves, names have great implication.   Language is extremely personal and deeply rooted in culture.   Names are an integral part... ...d many important lessons about his past as well.   It was possible to see the transformation from materialistic to concerned that Milkman underwent.   By coming to terms with his roots, Milkman was able to become whole; to become comfortable with who and what he was.   Knowledge is power, and having a name and a history are two of the most powerful things one could have.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views: Toni Morrison. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1990. Malcolm X.   "On Afro-American History."   Audubon Ballroom, Harlem.   24 Jan 1965. Middleton, David. Toni Morrison's Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. New York: Garland, 1997. Morrison, Toni.   Song of Solomon.   New York: Plume, 1987.   Shakespeare, William. Romeo & Juliet. ed. Jane Backman. Lincolnwood: NTC Publishing Group, 1994.

Issues in Art Therapy with Children Essay

Art therapy is the therapeutic use of making art within a professional relationship, and the process involved in making art is healing and life-enhancing. In the early 1980s, the American Art Therapy Association (Levick, 1983, as cited in Newcomer, 1993) regarded art therapy as an opportunity for nonverbal expression and communication with the belief that the creative process of art is a means of reconciling emotional conflicts and of fostering self-awareness. The association later expanded their definition to read: â€Å"Art Therapy is a human service profession that utilizes art media, images, the creative art process and patient/client responses to the created products as reflections of an individual’s development, abilities, personality, interests, concerns and conflicts. Art experiences can provide an alternative to verbal forms of assessment and treatment† (American Art Therapy Association Newsletter, 1998). Kaplan (2000) reviewed the findings of other neuroscientists who noted that graphic representation is a complex activity, involving areas of the brain associated with language. For example, Restak (1994) reported that more brain neurons are devoted to vision than the other senses. Kaplan suggests that studio art can facilitate problem-solving abilities, stimulate pleasure and self-esteem, and provide opportunities for successful functioning in children and adults with cognitive impairments. Malchiodi (2003) cites studies by scientists who found that drawing involves complex interactions between many parts of the brain, and notes that science will be central to understanding how art therapy works and why it is a powerful therapeutic modality. Riley (2003) observed that offering opportunities to create art to depressed adolescents as a means of communication that can be enjoyed and controlled provides a lens for viewing their perceptions through their own images, as well as a vehicle for treatment and a way to address resistance. In addition, she finds drawingless confrontational, less familiar, and less judgmental than talk, and that adolescent depression is often masked. Teenagers may also be angry or aggressive, as opposed to the lassitude characteristic of depressed adults, and art-making can serve to relieve painful self-deprecation. Wadeson (1980) noted that drawings by patients experiencing depression showed less color, less affect, and less effort than the drawings of nondepressed individuals. In addition, they showed more empty space and more depressive affect, such as drawing about harming others. Silver & Ellison (1995) described the behavior and history of a 16-year-old who had been arrested and incarcerated for stabbing another youth with a pencil. His history included a volatile temper and it was feared that he might harm others. His father had disappeared and his mother had been killed in a gang-related incident. During his stay in the facility, he was placed on suicide watch, and then was disciplined for angry acting-out. Three weeks after his release, he committed suicide. Advantages of Art Therapy vs. Traditional Verbal Therapy for Children Many studies performed by therapist-researchers have been chosen to focus on art therapy in particular because of the expressive arts benefit of allowing children a nonverbal outlet for their feelings. However, because art therapy is a relatively new modality, there is a minimal amount of research that has been conducted to support its efficacy or usefulness. Therefore, traditionally there has been less acceptance of it as a viable treatment option. Due to this belief, it is important to point out the many advantages of conducting art therapy to treat a wide spectrum of mental illnesses, from severe disorders such as schizophrenia to mild behavioral disorders. There are many therapeutic advantages to this particular type of therapy. Pre-adolescent children often have difficulty expressing their thoughts and feelings verbally. Children’s linguistic and cognitive skills are not fully developed, which limits their verbal expression. Because art therapy involves nonverbal communication, it is useful with this age population whose developmental limitations prevent the level of participation often required in verbal therapy (Newcomer, 1993). Instead of words, the image created by the child is the symbolic representation of a feeling, event, wish, etc. This form of preverbal expression and preverbal thinking does not require translation because it is depicted in image form. For children who are not able to make the translation, art is used as a vehicle for expression rather than words (Newcomer, 1993). Another advantage of art therapy is that the image produced can serve as a catalyst for verbal expression. This image then provides the child with structure and a foundation in an attempt to explain or describe the production (Newcomer, 1993). Many children suffer from low self-esteem and low self-confidence. When a child participates in art therapy activities and can master the materials and projects, it provides an opportunity for the child to increase self-esteem and self-confidence. Many of the participants in the present study suffer from a poor self-image and low self-esteem and confidence. Children, particularly in violent neighborhoods, often feel a lack of control over the unpredictable and unstable environment in which they are living. Therefore, it is important to gain mastery of a task, which helps build a feeling of control. Art projects can serve to do this. Art therapy is advantageous to traditional talk therapy in that it helps to provide a socially acceptable opportunity for expression and is relatively nonthreatening, whereas verbal therapy can carry a stigma. Many individuals, both children and adults, suffer from the stigma of being in therapy. Reducing or eliminating this negative stigma can serve to enhance the therapy (Newcomer, 1993). Art therapy provides a forum where children are able to freely express emotion when discussing their artwork without fear of violating social norms. Another benefit of art therapy is the social component that can be worked into the session if providing group art therapy. By working on group projects and sharing materials, it helps develop interpersonal relationships and fosters cooperation (Newcomer, 1993). At the Lake School’s Insight Through Art Program, all children in the groups share materials and at times engage in group projects. Another advantage of art therapy that has been noted is the decrease in energy level that occurs during the creative process (Newcomer, 1993). Individuals in art therapy are still stimulated as in talk therapy, but in a different way that provides greater relaxation. Many of the children at the Lake School are hyperactive, anxious, and overly excited. Working on an art project provides structure, containment, and limit setting that helps to calm children down. Art can also have the reverse effect on depressed, introverted children. Art and art-making can help stimulate these individuals and increase participation in therapy and decrease inhibition. A disadvantage of verbal therapy is that when working verbally, individuals can stop and filter thoughts and feelings (Wadeson, 1980). It is easier to control and tame your words then your art. This editing can slow down the therapeutic process. Harriet Wadeson lists objectification as another advantage. This term is based on the premise that art expression can form a bridge. Objectification is the notion that â€Å"feelings or ideas are at first externalized in an object (picture or sculpture). The art object allows the individual, while separating from the feelings, to recognize their existence† (Wadeson, 1980, p. 10). Hopefully, the individual can then come to own his or her feelings and integrate them into the self. When in art therapy, the individual is left with a tangible object that can be taken with him or her after the therapy has ended (Wadeson, 1980). In verbal therapy, there are no tangible products. The object(s) is symbolic of the work done in treatment and can also serve as a reminder of skills learned. The person then has a reminder of work done, which is especially beneficial for children. The picture or sculpture is not subject to distortions of memory. An additional advantage of having a tangible product is that it is easier to recall and notice emerging patterns. A therapist and the client can derive a sense of ongoing development that occurs in the therapeutic process. The art object provides documentation that is a direct statement by the patient, not filtered by the therapist (Wadeson, 1980). A final noted advantage is that art taps into primary process thinking and allows the child to process the event without the censorship or inhibitions of secondary process thinking. Literature Review of Art Therapy Research Art therapy programs, unlike traditional doctoral programs in psychology, have not emphasized empirical research. Students studying art therapy enter the field because they tend to be more interested in the clinical work rather than in conducting research. Many programs, though this began changing in the 1980s, do not offer the foundational courses in research design. Given this focus, the field of art therapy lacks the research studies that utilize quantifiable data. Therefore, much of the research regarding the efficacy of art therapy has been case studies. Many prolific writers in the field have written about the lack of art therapy research (McNiff, 1998a, Rosal, 1998; Malchiodi, 1995). â€Å"As a relatively new discipline we have yet to ‘advance’ to the stage where professional researchers separate the process of investigation from the ‘the practice of the craft† (McNiff, 1998a, p. 86). Many art therapists struggle with the more traditionally acceptable research procedures. Creative research methods seem to lend themselves better to studying this unique field because in enables the researcher a better opportunity to provide evidence regarding the process of therapeutic change. To show the changes that occur after the course of art therapy, many practitioner-researchers try to let the artistic products speak for themselves, coupled with a description of how the client moved through the process and experience of art therapy. â€Å"The practice of art therapy generates a desire to ‘show’ data on the part of both participants and therapists. The presentation of imagery is a natural extension of the therapeutic process and a primary feature of artistic activity† (McNiff, 1998b, p. 93). To date, it was difficult to find studies that investigated behavioral changes occurring after the introduction of a school-based group art-therapy program. However, there is research that addresses other changes art therapy can bring about. Rosal, McCulloch-Vislisel, and Neece (1997) conducted an art therapy pilot study in an urban high school with ninth-grade students. The program goal was to improve attitudes about school, relationships, and life; decrease the number of failing grades; and keep students from dropping out of school. Results of this study indicated that the art therapy, in conjunction with the English curriculum, had a positive effect on the subjects. The investigators found that the participants stayed in school, failed a very small number of courses, and improved their attitude about school, family, and self. Another study, conducted by Jasenke Roje (1995), utilized art therapy with latency age children who were victims of the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake. Roje found art therapy to be an effective and successful treatment modality in the recovery of earthquake trauma. â€Å"It enabled children to express internal processes which they had no verbal awareness of and it facilitated working through the defenses in order to identify underlying conflicts which hindered recovery† (Roje, 1995, p. 243). Rosal (1993) investigated the use of art therapy to modify the locus of control and adaptive classroom behavior of children with behavior disorders. Subjects were fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students living in a poor urban area in a large city. Most of the children came from unstable families. All subjects were identified as having behavioral difficulties at school and poor peer relationships. Results of this study were not statistically significant, however, Rosal noted change in the subjects. One of the measures Rosal utilized was The Children’s Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control (CNS-D3) measure. She found that although there were no statistically significant results, both experimental groups made greater moves toward the norm of the CNS-IE than the control groups. A second measure used in this study was the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). Results indicated that the two art therapy treatment conditions showed significant differences in changes of diagnosis on the TRS. Both art therapy treatment conditions were more effective than the control group in helping the behavior disordered students improve. Seventy-five percent of the subjects in one of the treatment conditions showed an improved diagnosis on the TRS and 67% showed improved diagnosis in the other treatment condition. The third and final measure that Rosal used in this study was a personal construct drawing interview (PCDI) that was developed specifically for this study to measure changes in self-perception. The students in both art therapy treatment conditions showed an increase in positive attitudes, whereas no major change was noted in the control group. In conclusion, Rosal’s study suggests that art therapy may be an effective modality in helping children with behavior disorders increase levels of control. Pleasant-Metcalf and Rosal (1997) utilized a single-case study research design in a school setting to study the effectiveness of individual art therapy with a 12-year-old girl whose academic performance declined following the divorce of her parents. Evidence in this pilot study suggests that school-based art therapy was effective in helping increase academic performance. This study adds to the growing body of literature supporting the notion that art therapy is an important school-based service and can positively impact academic performance. Avidar (1995) explored through two case studies how art therapy can address treatment needs of children who experience pervasive trauma. The subjects in Avidar’s study, much like the ones in the current study, reside in a violent inner-city housing project in a major metropolitan city. Avidar found that art therapy proves to address the psychological needs of individuals who experience chronic trauma. â€Å"[Art therapy] provides distance, expression, mastery, control, and above all, safety and trust† (Avidar, 1995, p. 16). Omizo and Omizo (1989) used art activities with minority children aged 8 to 11 to help improve self-esteem. It is well documented that poor self-esteem, feelings of incompetence, worthlessness, hopelessness, powerlessness, and feelings of inadequacy contribute to delinquency, substance abuse, unemployment, unrealized potential, poor achievement, and involvement with crime (Roundtree, 1979 and Shaplen, 1982, as cited in Omizo & Omizo, 1989). As in Omizo and Omizo’s study, the children in the current study face the aforementioned feelings and problems. Children in the Omizo study were assigned to an experimental group or a control group and were pre- and post-tested using The Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Children (SEI) to measure self-esteem. Results on the post-test indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control group. The minority children who participated in group counseling that utilized art activities had significantly higher social peer-related and academics/school-related self-esteem. Application of Art Therapy in Counseling Children Historically, therapy has been provided in private offices, hospitals, and community clinics. Traditionally, schools have been viewed narrowly as places to educate. Now that we have entered the 21st century, an expanded notion of the function of the school needs to be considered. Schools are not just the place where students learn academic material; schools also shape students’ psychological well-being, especially in poor urban neighborhoods where there are few resources available to families. Schools are the primary institutions where children gather, and as such, they provide an excellent setting in which to deliver effective services to children in need. Individuals and families may not be able to obtain services if they are required to go to an office-based treatment setting. School-based services can provide a solution to the problem of children not being independently mobile and having to rely on a family member, guardian, or some other adult to take them to therapy. Schools are â€Å"where the children are. We have to take the service to them, rather than expect them to come to us† (McNiff, 1997). This is especially the case when working with disadvantaged, at-risk children. There are a multitude of factors that may lead to a lack of participation in treatment. It is often not a lack of desire or motivation for treatment, but rather a confounding situation. Disadvantaged families usually do not have a reliable source of transportation. Therefore, it makes it very difficult to make a scheduled session that possibly is miles away, outside of their community. Another problem with children receiving services outside of the school is that they have to rely on an adult to get them there. Parents in poor urban settings are often disenfranchised by the system and may lack the motivation to get their child to treatment. In addition, there may be crises that arise and other children whose parents or guardians are caring for that make it difficult to get to scheduled appointments. However, with school-based interventions, if the child attends class, he or she is able to receive treatment without relying on an adult to provide transportation. The school is therefore a more effective place to reach children more consistently. The earlier the intervention, the more likely it is that one can eradicate and reshape unhealthy behaviors among children. The longer the behavior continues, the more difficult it is to extinguish. By meeting the needs of children in a school setting, there is a greater chance of targeting and changing negative behaviors at an early stage. There are numerous advantages to school-based treatments when compared to more traditional settings. There is a push for briefer treatments in which the patient takes a more active role in the therapeutic process. In addition, there is no longer the belief that one type of treatment is appropriate for all presenting problems. Art therapy in the public schools is an alternative approach to a variety of problems, one that is both active and brief. The therapy takes place when school is in session; therefore, the school calendar dictates treatment to only be a certain length of time. Another advantage is that the therapist, by being in the school, is part of the school system and climate and has an opportunity to â€Å"gauge the general social climate that is impinging on the child† (Nicol, 1979, p. 83). The therapist can witness the child interacting with peers and teachers and identify problematic social relationships and social skills that are causing difficulties for the child. Providing treatment in a familiar environment is linked to clients remaining in treatment. The school is a very familiar environment for children, thus increasing the chances that the child will remain in treatment. A final advantage of the school-based setting is the collaboration that can occur amongst professionals (Nicol, 1979). Teachers do not receive the necessary training on how to handle children with behavioral problems. The school-based therapist can serve as a resource for the teachers and school staff, providing consultations and in-school workshops. Given the central role that schools play in the lives of children, we need to expand upon this by not only educating children on subjects of reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also help to foster positive self-esteem and emotional and cognitive growth. In addition, schools also should help children build interpersonal relationship skills and help students to develop positive behaviors. By broadening the definition and role the school plays beyond academic success, children will have a greater chance of success and a larger set of skills necessary to make it in the outside world. Most of the literature on art therapy in schools represents work that is taking place in specialized settings, not urban public schools. â€Å"The severity of problems that children bring into school settings is rising dramatically. Violence, sexual abuse, suicide, substance abuse, poverty, and the decay of family and community structures are just some of the numerous issues affecting children today† (Essex, Frostig, & Hertz, 1996, p. 182). Children bring these problems into the classroom and schools are left with the responsibility to handle these grave situations. When a child is in distress, it interferes with the child’s ability to learn. In 1990, a decision by the Supreme Court of New Jersey emphasized the critical need for public school support of these issues. There have been several other legislative initiatives that focus on the benefits of creative art therapies to help individuals who do not respond to more traditional therapies. â€Å"The Senate and House Report (No. 96-712, May 18, 1980) on the Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 gave special attention to the creative arts therapies in the treatment of persons who required mental health services but who did not respond to traditional therapeutic modalities† (Bush, 1997b, p. 10). Janet Bush (1997a) introduced the first comprehensive art therapy program in a public school in Dade County, Florida during the 1979-1980 school year which still exists today. Other art therapy programs have been started in the United States, but they are not as extensive as Dade County and have developed differently. Initially, the goal of the pilot program in Dade County was to provide art therapy for students with physical, emotional, educational, and psychological problems â€Å"to ameliorate a variety of unacceptable behaviors and to help the students learn by improving students’ insights, attitudes, and skills† (Bush, 1997a, p. 9). Eventually, the program narrowed its focus to only include students with emotional problems. While obtaining her graduate degree in art therapy, Bush recognized how students’ problems were directly and indirectly affecting their educational goals. By introducing art therapy in the school, she hoped to assist the children in problem resolution by providing tools to foster self-expression and emotional and cognitive growth. In 1999, the Bade County school district employed 20 Mi-time art therapists to work in 28 public schools. (Minato, 1999, p. 59). As the art therapy program grew and developed, other professionals (psychologists, social workers, family therapists, and teachers) joined the treatment team. At first, the program combined art education along with art therapy. This was due to the fact that the original funding for the program came from the art education department. In 1995, the program shifted away from art education and started focusing entirely on clinical art therapy objectives with severely emotionally disturbed children (Bush, 1997a). The activities the school art therapists provided were very comprehensive. They included: consultation, assessment, intervention, professional training and development, research, program planning, and evaluation (Bush, 1997b). Although the Dade County school-based art therapy program has been a success, its success has been measured by observation and experiences of the therapists. This program, along with most school-based art therapy programs, lacks the documentation to support empirical research. The Dade County program has continued to prosper since its commencement in 1979, but empirical research supporting it is minimal (Bush, 1997b). Art therapy in schools, however, has not taken root. It is time for controlled research and documentation on the application of art therapy in schools. Relevant outcome criteria on the effectiveness of art therapy in treating students and the effects of participation on a school’s team should be reported. (Bush, 1997a, p. 13) The Dade County art therapy program is a model program, which can serve to inspire future development of similar school-based art therapy programs. Art therapy in a school-based setting can provide at-risk children with an outlet to work through obstacles that are hindering their educational, emotional, and social growth. Conclusion Behavioral science research has focused on the psychological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems that children exposed to chronic stress and violence face. Research in this area has become increasingly prolific as the rates of violence and risk of exposure increases. This is especially true in large urban cities where the prevalence rate of urban youth exposed to violence and chronic stress is rapidly increasing. There are many factors in the lives of impoverished African-American children that lead to chronic stress. Rutter (1978) identified six significant familial stressors that increased the probability of behavioral disorders among children. They are: (a) the father having an unskilled/semiskilled job, (b) overcrowding in the home or a large family size, (c) the mother suffering from depression or a neurotic disorder, (d) the child having ever been â€Å"in care,† (e) the father having been convicted of any offense against the law, and (f) marital discord (Rutter, 1978). Other researchers examined multiple stressors on school-aged children’s psychological functioning: parental conflict, maternal depression, overcrowding, and family income. Shaw and Emery found that â€Å"cumulative family stressors predicted clinically-elevated child behavior problems and below-average ratings of children’s IQ and perceived social competence† (1988, p. 204). The research suggests there is a significant relationship between exposure to chronic stress, crime, and violence and behavioral, psychological, and academic problems. It is necessary to then take the next step and focus on ways in which to ameliorate these negative effects. Traditionally, psychological services of art therapy have been provided in hospitals, community mental health centers, and private offices. There are, however, numerous factors that impede the ability of at-risk children from getting these needed services that are often provided outside their community. School-based interventions in art therapy can provide one solution to this problem. School-based therapeutic interventions have been effective in helping children to deal with the emotional repercussions of living with multiple stressors. By addressing common problems in a novel way, school-based art therapy therapy opens the doors to many children who otherwise would not receive the needed therapeutic help. The children are in their schools everyday, so why not bring the service to them. Outcome literature supports the notion that school-based intervention programs in art therapy can yield to positive outcomes in the lives of children. References Art therapy: Definition of profession. 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