Rethinking of Filipino Values Essay

Enriquez was critical of this approach to the study of Filipino values. He encouraged Filipino scholars to take a second look at these values using a Filipino orientation. Social scientists such as Lagmay, Salazar, and Bonifacio took up the challenge in their own research. Let us examine three of these ‘‘Filipino values’’ from the exogenous and indigenous perspectives. 54 Rogelia Pe-Pua and Elizabeth Protacio-Marcelino ? Blackwell Publishers Ltd with the Asian Association of Social Psychology and the Japanese Group Dynamics Association 2000Bahala Na. The Filipino cultural value of bahala na has no exact English translation. Bostrom (1968) was the first psychologist to analyze this value by comparing it with American fatalism. This is obviously a pervasive interpretation that when Thomas Andres published the Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values, he still defines bahala na as ‘‘the Filipino attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems, leaving everything to God. ‘Bahala na ang Diyos (God will take care of us)’ . . . This attitude is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or crisis or a shirking from personal responsibility’’ (Andres, 1994, p. 12). The Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective interprets bahala na differently. Lagmay (1977) explained that bahala na is not ‘‘fatalism’’ but ‘‘determination and risk-taking’’. When Filipinos utter the expression ‘‘Bahala na! ’’ they are not leaving their fate to God and remaining passive. Rather, they are telling themselves that they are ready to face the difficult situation before them, and will do their best to achieve their objectives. The expression is a way of pumping courage into their system so that they do not buckle down. In fact, even before they have said ‘‘Bahala na! ’’ They have probably done their best to prepare for the forthcoming situation. Hiya. Sibley (1965), an American scholar, translated hiya as ‘‘shame’’. Another American, Lynch (1961) saw hiya as ‘‘the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable action. ’’ For example, when an employee is scolded in front of other people. To add to the negativity of this interpretation of hiya, Andres (1994) described hiya as ‘‘an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please their visitors, even to the extent of going into debt’’.

Flat organization Group Essay

Organizational structures developed from the ancient times of hunters and collectors in tribal organizations through highly royal and clerical power structures to industrial structures and today’s post-industrial structures. The typical hierarchical arrangement for lines of authorities, communications, rights and duties of an organization. Organizational structure determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organization’s objectives and strategy. In a centralized structure, the top layer of management has most of the decision making power and has tight control over departments and divisions. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed and the departments and divisions may have different degrees of independence. A company such as Proctor & Gamble that sells multiple products may organize their structure so that groups are divided according to each product and depending on geographical area as well. The Importance of Organization Structure A number of writers have pointed out the importance of an organization’s structure and the relationship between it and an organization’s size, strategy, technology, environment and culture. Mintzberg (1989) has written extensively and significantly on the importance of organizational structure. Miller (1989) has explored the importance of configurations of strategy and structure. Burns and Stalker (1961) concluded that if an organization is to achieve maximum performance then its structure must fit with or match the rate of change in its environments. Handy (1990, 1993) has discussed the importance of culture in relation to organizational design and structure and the need for new organizational forms. Pascale, Milleman and Gioja (2000, p.197) consider ‘design is the invisible hand that brings organizations to life and life to organizations.’ Further, organizational structure and design are closely entwined (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001) with many aspects of human resource management. Thus structure has a key role in the all important human dimension of an organization. Too often the importance of Organization structure is overlooked and Miller (1989) points to a gap in the literature whereby the content of corporate or business strategies has not been widely considered in relation to structure. One of the most important aspects of a manager’s role is the design of Organizational structures, yet this is often a neglected responsibility (Senge, 1994). McMaster (1996) argues that Organizational design is not well understood and traditional management education does not include the development of any understanding of the principles of corporate design. The impact of the floury of corporate restructures that took place in the 1980s and 1990s, discussed later in this paper, supports this view. I would suggest that this lack of genuine understanding is a serious shortcoming. Definition of Structure Mullins (1993) and Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001) describe the structure of an Organization as the pattern of relationships between roles in an Organization and its different parts. They see the purpose of this structure as serving to allocate work and responsibilities in order to direct activities and achieve the Organization’s goals. Structure enables managers to plan, direct, organize and control the activities of the organization (Mullins, 1993, Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). Here is a traditional view of Organizational design that uses principles derived from classical and scientific Management. A non traditional approach is taken by Pascale, Milleman and Gioja (2000, p.197). They consider the role of architects and the principles they use to create buildings that provide ‘(1) structural integrity (sound buildings), (2) functionality (space appropriate for its intended use), and (3) aesthetic appeal.’ Using these principles an architect is able to work with the client in order to create a structure that is an integral and facilitating aspect of the life of the people who move in and around it. Thus architectural approaches can offer us a good model with which to consider Organization design principles. I would define an Organization’s structure as the architecture both visible and invisible which connects and weaves together all aspects of an Organization’s activities so that it functions as a complete dynamic entity. One simple approach is to consider how an Organization’s structure is described when represented diagrammatically, which most is often shown in the Organization chart. This provides useful insights into the underlying design principles. It will not show informal structures, but this is not the focus of this paper, except where they are an integral part of the design, as in for example, design Principles derived from complexity. The 20th Century –Traditional way Henri Fayol is credited by many as being the founder of modern management theory and practice. Writing at the beginning of the 20th century he advocated an Organization structure that was centralized, functionally specialized and hierarchical, in which everything had its specific place. Management was viewed as being all about planning, organizing, forecasting, co-coordinating and controlling. Others built on Fayol’s work, which Morgan (1986) claims provided the foundation of management theory in the first half of the last century, and which is still much in use up to the present day. Also in the early 20th century Frederick Taylor drawing on his understanding of traditional science and scientific method devised a theory of management – scientific management. He advocated the use of ‘scientific’ methods of measurement and analysis and broke all tasks down into small repetitive components. This was considered the most effective way of operating a production process and his methods achieved their apogee in the Ford motor car production line process. Thus the basic structure of many large Organizations in the 20th century was founded on linear, segmented, hierarchical design principles as typified by Figure 1. The larger the Organization the larger the structure and the more sub divisions. It was an approach to Organization design that reflected the classical scientific worldview as did the early management theorists Figure 1. Traditional Organization Chart / Structure During the mid 20th century there was a trend for Organizations to create huge corporate structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for example, the Hanson Trust, Trafalgar House, Unilever, and GKN in the UK and General Electric in the USA (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). In the public sector too, huge bureaucracies were created with the nationalization of the public utilities after World War II and the creation of the NHS in 1948. The management of these huge Organizations required a complex multilayered structure with many sub divisions. ‘Tall structures were created with as many as 20 plus levels between the chief Executive and the shopfloor operative. Managerial control of employees at all the Multiple levels was based on a mixture of direct command and budgetary Responsibility. Hierarchy, command and control were the governing principles of Employee management.’ But by the last decades of the 20th century, however, the trend for larger and larger structures was over. Almost every Organization experimented with some kind of structural change process (Ashkenas et al, 1995). Large conglomerates were broken up and large bureaucracies slimmed down as Organizations sought to become more effective and flexible (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). Companies merged and demerged, made acquisitions or sold them off and experimented with a range of approaches designed to make them more effective and responsive to a rapidly changing world. During this period Organizations were awash with notions of delayering, right / downsizing and business process re-engineering and for a time returns to shareholders were at record levels (Willis,2001). Downsizing was used by many companies as a way of adjusting their structures in order to be fitter and more effective. Large Organizations with many bureaucratic aspects like Kodak, IBM and General Motors restructured in this way (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). This and the often accompanying trend for outsourcing resulted in a wave of new problems particularly with employee insecurity and loss of expert knowledge. Coulson- Thomas and Coe (1991) report that in many of these slimmer Organizations there were issues of work overload, increased work stress, lack of vision, poor decision making, corporate in fighting and so on. Further, this approach proved to be an unsatisfactory one, not only because of the immediate social costs and the loss of experience and valuable skills, but because many Organizations failed to capitalize on the restructuring and implement new supportive systems (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). They changed the structure of the Organization but not in such a way as to improve its overall long term effectiveness. This apparent lack of insight concerning the importance of the relationship between structure and internal and external systems and human behaviours displays a restricted understanding of the principles of Organization design. Business process re-engineering was another approach which many adopted during this period as an effective way of improving efficiency and removing bureaucratic structures. But, Mumford and Hendricks (1996) point out, many companies became obsessed with cost cutting and associated staffing reductions and did not consider how best to reorganize and restructure. Also some chief executives used the process to rid themselves of cumbersome bureaucratic chains of command but failed to cede control Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001, p.158) describe this period as one of ‘apparent chaos’ as Organizations also tried out approaches based on networking, outsourcing and notions of virtual forms of Organization. However, they provide an analytical framework which I shall use to describe the different types of structure that still redominate. It offers four main types of structure: bureaucracy, divisionalized structures, strategic business units and ‘de-structured’ forms. Organizational – 21st Century At the end of the 20th century some less traditional forms of organization structure beganto emerge as evidenced by the ‘de-structured’ forms described by Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001). Handy (1990) observes that the old mechanistic systems are everywhere breaking down. Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001) talk of the emergence of a new paradigm for organizational form which seeks to replace the rigidity and cumbersome nature of the traditional form. Ashkenas et al (1995) report on a change in design principles that amounts to a major shift.

Beowulf as an Epic Hero in Burton Raffel’s Translation of the Story Beowulf

He continuously portrays features that no ordinary human being could acquire including eternal fame, extraordinary skill, and heroic courage. It is interesting to read about all his extraordinary hero qualities. In Anglo-Saxon culture, immortality was believed to be attainable through the gain of fame and glory by the act of doing noble deeds (HubPages). It was also possible by spreading one’s personal name throughout the land. In this epic, the concept is played quite well by the deeds Beowulf portrays as an epic hero; he not only saves the day, but spreads his name through the land. He introduces himself to Hrothgar, King of Danes, speaking of his bouts with five giants leading to his single handed removal of the giant race from the earth. He also leads to speak of fighting and defeating many sea monsters underwater at the deep depths of the darkest oceans (Beowulf 31). These deeds show the characteristics in Beowulf that many epic heroes seem to possess like defeating demonic, and god-like foes saving the day and in turn adding to the notoriety of the heroes name, aiding to their belief of immortality. Beowulf further pursues fame and glory by aiding Hrothgar in defeating the demon Grendel which has ran amuck in the kingdoms mead hall Herot and killed soldiers of the crown. By ripping Grendel’s arm, Beowulf ensures his fame as keeping it as a trophy and mounting it over Herot for all to observe. But an epic hero like Beowulf never is sated with fame so throughout his lifetime he continues to defy odds and accomplish heroic deeds spreading his name and giving him his sense of immortality. In order for an epic hero to be an epic hero he cannot just achieve high notoriety, he must have the skill to defeat the demons bent to kill all mankind. But not just a regular warriors skill can defeat a demon conceived by Satan and evil, the heroes skill must match that of the gods. A good depiction of Beowulf’s extraordinary skill is the moment when he first battles Grendel choosing to fight bare-handed in order to give the opponent a â€Å"fair fight† (Beowulf 31). This feat shows that Beowulf believes he has the skill to defeat the monster Grendel and shows a sort of chivalry among him by honoring his opponent’s condition. Beowulf also has skill in strength and speed, catching and nearly breaking back Grendel’s clawed fingers on his hand as he slashed to swoop and eat a light sleeping Beowulf; later leading to Beowulf ripping of Grendel’s arm (Beowulf 33). Afterwards revenge is sought by Beowulf after Grendel’s mother abducts and eats the kings trusted noble and friend Aeschere leading him to use his incredible skill to swim for hours underwater to her lair at the bottom depths of a dark lake resulting in her death by Beowulf adding to his fame. Beowulf as an epic hero needed courage in order to make skill useful and be able to gain more fame. Many courageous acts are done by Beowulf firstly with the simple act of battling a huge demon like Grendel without the use of neither weapons, nor armor for protection. Going without weapons shows the courage in Beowulf and the lack of fear even after removing the little help given to provide a fair fight for Grendel. Afterwards, Beowulf continues to display great courage by gaining revenge from Grendel’s mom and battling her under water while sea creatures watched (Beowulf 39). These examples of courage show that Beowulf is willing to battle and defeat any foe, no matter the cost in order to save the day. Epic heroes through time have had the same characteristics. These include the ability to bring exceptional skill to battle against many demons and evil doers. These traits combined with the courage of a man which fears nothing aides Beowulf in being able to defeat many of his foes throughout the tale. To Beowulf, hearing of Grendel terrorizing the mead hall is more of a blessing than a problem for it allowed Beowulf the opportunity to slay a creature and build his name through the land of Danes. Ending in epic victory, these qualities are expressed throughout the stories and even though made king, Beowulf never ceases to reach his goal of the world’s greatest fighter having unmatched fame through the land, skill of many men, and the courage greater than that of any man or creature ever to be found.

Open topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open topic - Essay Example This paper argues for morality of current laws that allows for abortion. Deontology ethics offers one of the bases for evaluating morality of abortion. According to the ethics, an act is moral if it is consistent with existing rules in a society and this means that reviewing such rules as the constitution are fundamental to understanding morality of abortion. Important to the abortion debate is the constitutional provisions for human rights and its protection thereof from contravening legislations. The Ninth Amendment of the constitution provides that citizens’ rights are supreme and no law can be made to create some rights that can infringe the former category of rights. Examples of the protected righst are rights to privacy and autonomy in decision-making. Pregnancy issues meet the privacy definition and should remain at a woman’s description, subject to the existing laws. Further, the same laws provide that such a right is supreme, no law should be made to contravene it, and this means that calls for illegalization contravene deontology ethics. While some people may argue that the defined rights in the Ninth Amendment also protect the fetus, such arguments can only be valid if the same constitution offered definition of fetus and provided for its rights. The Fourteenth Amendment however offers a solution to this problem through its definition of people who are entitled to rights under the constitution. One of its provisions is the phrase that ‘people who are born or are naturalized in the United States’ and this does not include fetus because it is not yet born. Consequently, the constitution, as an element of existing laws, protects a woman’s decision to have or not to have an abortion and arguments against such a position is Deontologically unethical (University of Minnesota 1). A person also has right to private property and this rationale grants a woman the right over her body and her body parts. The fetus is considerabl y part of a woman’s body as long as it is in her womb and this means that the woman has right over decisions affecting the fetus because of privacy and autonomy principles (University of California 1). Utilitarian approach to morality on abortion also guides the debate on whether abortion is moral and should be legalized or not. According to utilitarian ethics, an actor is moral if it offers net benefits to a majority of members of the society and immoral if its net effects are harmful to most of the involved stakeholders. Considering the case of an unwanted pregnancy, the child, the mother, and people in the environment are the involved stakeholders. An abortion terminates the child’s life but meets the interest of the expectant woman and the immediate society that already considers the child as unwanted. Forcing the woman to have the pregnancy however exposes her to rejection and rejection of the child that the woman may also reject and this leads to psychological ha rm to all the stakeholders. In such a case therefore, allowing for abortion benefits the expectant woman and the society while not allowing abortion identifies harm for all the stakeholders. Abortion would therefore be moral. The fetus is also not yet a human being and this means that it lacks feelings. Consequently, no harm can be attributed to abortion with respect to the fetus as a victim. This further means that a woman’s interest is important in an abortion case and the abortion should be legal

The Louisiana Purchase Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Louisiana Purchase - Research Paper Example Initially, France owned huge land areas dotted along the Mississippi’s western area. The area is called Louisiana. France owned and managed the Louisiana from 1699 until 1762. In 1762, France gave the Louisiana land area to its Friendly neighbor, Spain. However, the French Conqueror, General Napoleon Bonaparte, retrieved the Louisiana property from Spain. Thinking of dominating the large Louisiana expanse filled Bonaparte’s initial penchant. As time went on, Bonaparte realized some troubling reasons that holding to the Louisiana land area were not viable. One bothering reason was a French Commander’s lost in a battle held in Saint Dominque (current Haiti nation). The Haiti war took lots of French soldier deaths. With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte’s French army in Haiti, under Bonaparte’s brother in law, Bonaparte was thinking of selling lands to pay for Bonaparte’s continuing European war activities (Fleming 2003). Magdalena Alagna (2004) mentions many of the Haiti –based French troops were dying from Yellow fever during the Haiti war campaign. The same Haiti war drained the French coffers significantly. Continuing to pay for the expenses of the Haiti war would eliminate the connection to the ports of North America’s southern shipping lines. Another bothering reason is the increasing American population. Further, France was forced to sell the Louisiana property. With the population growth trend, France felt that it would be impossible to stop the encroaching American population from overflowing into the French territory of Louisiana. Bonaparte decided to transfer the funds allocated to maintaining Louisiana to pay for the cost of invading

Understanding Emotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Emotions - Essay Example Finally, I realized that we had fallen into a pattern where the floors were vacuumed once every two weeks when I did it and the kitchen and bathroom was cleaned every two weeks – again, when I did it. What pushed me over the edge was discovering that my roommate has now even given up on cleaning out the dishes she’s used, just leaving them in the sink for me to clean up whenever I enter. By analyzing my physical and cognitive reactions in this situation, as well as my customary means of expressing my emotions, I have been able to reassess whether these methods are ultimately successful. When I discovered my roommate’s dishes in the sink, unrinsed and with the counters splattered with whatever she’d eaten, I felt my temperature suddenly jump up about ten degrees. My heart started beating strongly. I can’t say whether the beat was faster than it had been, but I suddenly heard it thumping in my ears which hadn’t been the case a moment before. My ears seemed to begin to throb in time with the beat, introducing the very beginnings of a headache and I felt as if the entire top of my head was about to explode upwards through the ceiling. I was carrying something breakable, so I tried to put it down somewhere as gently as I could, still managing to crash it on the table harder than I should have. As I did so, I noticed that I didn’t seem to be as completely in control of my body as I’d hoped I’d be. My hands were shaking and my mouth suddenly seemed full to bursting with no satisfaction unless opened. I remember a flash of t hought of how my roommate had been obviously not doing her half of the chores for months now and an idea that this wasn’t the first time I’d come home to find dirty dishes in the sink when I’d left it clean. When my roommate came sauntering in to place another dish on the counter and looked at me as if they’d done nothing out

Impact of information technology on a career Essay

Impact of information technology on a career - Essay Example At the same time, fundamental changes in lifestyle of people and nutrition have reflective an impact on the life length and quality of daily life. The expenses for healthcare are significant portion of domestic yields in developed nations. Increased life duration has provided much importance on preserving high quality healthcare services. Presently, the sophisticated medical technology has added to the increasing tendencies in healthcare expenditures of people. The progression in telecommunication and computer science has resulted in indispensable alteration in healthcare professions. IT has generated great prospects regarding increased cost-effectiveness and quality of services in healthcare. IT opens the door for assuring appropriate healthcare quality which can be acquired within reasonable price (Duplaga, â€Å"The Impact of Information Technology on Quality of Healthcare Services†). Thesis Statement In present days, enhanced healthcare services are a key concern for any p erson. The information about patient and security & competency in the procedure of healthcare is believed to be important aspects for people as they prefer those healthcare organizations which provide quality services. Thus, technological advancements have become a prerequisite for providing good healthcare services. IT in healthcare profession helps to improve the procedures such as patient identification, records management, prescription creation, pathology workroom administration, appointment planning, clinical case examination among other tasks. The paper attempts to recognize the impact of IT on healthcare profession and services. ... The paper attempts to recognize the impact of IT on healthcare profession and services. The objective of the paper is to understand the application of IT in several health facilities, know the significance of IT in providing better health services, recognize the implication of IT in healthcare facilities and realize the future of IT for enhancement of healthcare. Application of IT in Current Health Facilities Healthcare is always regarded as information based activity. From the perspective of business, healthcare professionals generally undertake two types of activities. The first one is medical procedures which are used for supporting patient analysis, treatment and disease prevention and the second one is procurement, communication and management of data. Thus, it is quite reasonable to assume that the changes in availability and ubiquity of information through IT have excessively large impact on healthcare professions. From the perspective of healthcare, information are those key facts and notes which are learnt through certain procedures such as analysis of statistical value of blood pressure or measurement of heartbeat. The information in healthcare helps to inform the consequence of certain examinations or activities such as analysis of hypertension or calculation of diabetes. Consecutively, information can be scientifically structured and examined to generate knowledge, which is the amassed understanding of real world matters and thoughts. In this context, it can be said that knowledge is the basis on which healthcare professionals develop their decisions regarding patients by comparing person based information. In healthcare industry, better management of

Based on Epistomological research- Are law enforcement cameras an Research Paper

Based on Epistomological - Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy - Research Paper Example This paper aims to show that the use of law enforcement cameras is an invasion of privacy, a fact that should be taken into consideration by legislators and policy makers internationally. Academic literature published on this issue is used for supporting the above argument. At the same time, reports published by organizations in common law countries, i.e. UK, USA and Canada, are presented so that any conclusion is fully justified. The legal implications of law enforcement cameras have been extensively explored in the academic literature. A series of studies have been chosen for supporting this paper’s thesis that the use of law enforcement cameras should be considered as an invasion of privacy. Froomkin (2000) explains that ‘Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and video recorders are broadly used for monitoring public spaces’ (Froomkin 1577). Reference is made to these cameras’ expansion in UK as a result of the country’s need to secure the safe ty of its citizen by IRA’s terrorist attacks (Froomkin 1577). ... regard to the existing privacy laws; b) the First Amendment that refers to ‘the freedom of association’ (Froomkin 1506) can be used for setting borders to the expansion of these cameras in public spaces. Referring specifically to the English law of privacy, Lord Walker (2010) notes that ‘the tort of invasion of privacy in UK is rather recent’ (Walker 1); in fact, the initial reference to the violation of privacy, as a tort, in the English courts can be identified in the case ‘Douglas v Hello in 2000’ (Walker 2). The above decision reflects the alignment of the British legislation, especially of the Human Rights Act of 1998, with the ‘European Convention on Human Rights’ (Walker 2), where the right of each individual ‘to respect for his private and family life’ (article 8) is clearly set. At the next level, the Human Rights Act of 1998 notes that it is not allowed to public authorities to proceed to initiatives that viol ate the right of individuals to privacy, as this right is secured by the European Convention (Walker 2). It is made clear though that the terms of the Convention for privacy may be violated if it is not possible for public authorities to act in a different way (Walker 2). According to the above, the use of law enforcement cameras can be characterized as a violation to the Convention’s orders because of the following: the public authorities may use different tools for controlling public spaces; the use of security guards could be a potential alternative for protecting public spaces without violating the right to privacy. Taylor (2002) also claims that the use of CCTV cameras can be considered as opposed to the article 8 of the European Convention; it is suggested that the use of these cameras is appropriately regulated so that the

Media theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media theory - Essay Example Psychologist and Sociologists come up with a variety of theories as to why we watch TV. They have said that å… ¸he Mass Media Have a Direct, Immediate and Influential Effect Upon Audiences by é  ¸njectingInformation Into the Consciousness of the Masses(Wikibooks,2011) The fact of the matter is human beings have needed to be entertained since the beginning of time. We need to enjoy our leisure and before TV or even radio, in fact, the natives in the jungles of Africa invented their dances and rituals for their entertainment or self gratification if you want to make it sinister. What interests us is driven by our basic needs and background, our experiences and education. Rather than being controlled, we control the mediaPeople Bend the Media To Their Needs More Readily Than The Media Overpowering Them(Wikibooks,2011 ). We do not have studies theorizing why a person prefers a pair of blue jeans over black and quite frankly who cares. Their reasons are the same as why the watch a pa rticular movie or documentary or sporting event. There is no University degree needed here and there are no psychological or sociological problems, it is simply about a human being their need for leisure and enrtainment.. Television has not changed in the last 20 years only the technology involved in producing the entertainment. Television has become part of our lives for a variety of reasons and we do not need theories and conjectures to manipulate the reasons. Television stations produce on a supply and demand basis and we watch for enjoyment, plain and simple. That is how it was 20 years ago and that is how it will be twenty years from now. The Semiotic Media Theory interprets signs, communicative or culturally that point to the significance of a popularly appreciated phenomena. The cultural and communicative signs to the popularization of Super Bowl are pronounced and far reaching in American History. The human being needs excitement and is

Self-Sacrifice in O.Henry's Gift of the magi and Rabindranath Tagore's Essay

Self-Sacrifice in O.Henry's Gift of the magi and Rabindranath Tagore's The Cabuliwallah - Essay Example O’Henry was praised as a valued US Southern writer who recorded the reality of the south of his time in his stories. His personal history is almost as interesting as those of his characters, and nearly as ironic, While many know his real name, few know his real history, since fact and fiction have become totally entwined, and the "legendary O. Henry †¦ is very different from the real William Sydney Porter. In his bit of autobiographica, which he published in the New York Times, April 4, 1909, Porter himself contributed to this legend." (Paine 351) Writing was probably a very good career for OHenry at that time, because he spent more than three years in prison for a crime he did not commit, and he was reclusive type in any case. It is not that he never went out, but he seldom revealed anything terribly personal about himself("Federico and the Magis Gift." 70-70). He is known for the interesting twists in his stories, the most famous of which is probably The Gift of the Magi. In the story a young couple were very poor each sacrifices their most precious possession in order to buy a beautiful gift for the other. The poignant irony is that each gift it is bought to accompany the precious thing that the other sacrificed. In the wifes case she had her long hair cut in order to buy a beautiful platinum watch fob for her husbands gold watch. The husband, in his turn, sold his gold watch to buy her some very expensive combs for her hair. I was found it rather sad that he actually sold the watch. I wouldve preferred that he pointed, since it was a family heirloom. Her hair will grow back, and they pawned watch could be redeemed. Rabindranath Tagore was born into a privileged family in 1871 and died in 1941 before the final split up of India. He was a fierce nationalilst, but was known to criticize Gandhi for being a bit too extreme. He did not

Irish Weddings Essay Example for Free

Irish Weddings Essay Ireland is one country, which is part of the larger United Kingdom (UK). It is a blessed country with numerous greens, which range from the rolling green hills of sheep pasture to the gorgeous gardens as well as ancient castles. Romance is so much embraced by the Irish culture with a lot of passion. The Irish culture allows one to lie in a meadow with his/her love, track down four leaf clovers, or to dance night long to the favorite Irish band. The culture is rich since the Irish is a blend of the old Celtic mythologies and the Christianity brought in by St. Patrick (Haggerty Bridget http://www. irishcultureandcustoms. com/). Therefore in a relationship both backgrounds have a great influence and tradition asks the lovers to be rational and to respect each other as well as their families. The culture demands that Lovers run bare feet through rugged terrain while tumbling in the grass in show of Irish’s love of nature. Irish Church Weddings St. Patrick was an Irish and his most cherished color was blue and until recently the national flag of the Ireland was blue in honor of him. In addition to the love of green, anyone who wishes to do a church wedding must have blue as a theme (Goodwin Audrey, p128). Considering the fact that the Irish are very patient and religious, the names of the bride and bridegroom are first read in church for three consecutive Sundays prior to the wedding day so as to allow the couple to reconsider their decisions as well as also gives others a chance to file an objection for the same. A couple registers in church for marriage three months prior to their wedding day. Irish Claddagh Ring The claddagh ring is very popular among the Irish and was given to the woman by the man as a show of love and faith. (Fielding, p268). This was especially when a man was going away for sometime, either to war or in pursuit for greener pastures to improve their living standards. The ring was worn by the woman to show that she is somebody’s and could be made more personal by using the birthstone of the person to show that it is specifically meant for her. Irish Hand Fasting Before St. Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland, the inhabitants of Ireland believed in paganism and Celtic traditions that was attached with hand fasting. Hand fasting is a form of â€Å"trial marriage† which lasted for a year after which the couple are allowed to decide whether they are compatible to continue or to part ways. Sir Walter Scott as a betrothal day first introduced this day (Fielding, William J. p263). There was no attachments or commitments in hand fasting. Even today hand fasting has been incorporated in marriage ceremonies where the bride and the bridegroom have their hands bound together with ribbons. Irish Wedding Days Of The Week Ladies and gentlemen as you have realized the Irish are very religious and always put God before everything. The days of the week are lanked whereby Saturday is seen as no day. According to their traditions, Weddings cannot be done on Christmas day since it is Jesus birthday nor on Sunday as it is the lords worship day. They argue that the events that occur in wedding ceremonies, which include dancing and partying, are not appropriate during these special days. Some other days of the week like Friday and Saturday are also seen as inappropriate for weddings since the ceremonies can go for 2-3 and can stretch to Sunday. Irish Wedding Months For every situation the Irish have their sayings and concerning wedding months the Irish have the following myths: (Irish church wedding, http://www. romanceclass. com). They believe that the marriage that occurs in the start of the year is loving, kind and true. If one marries during the month of February his/her fate is on the balance but march weddings ends up with both joy and sorrow while those in April bring joy for both the bride and bridegroom. They further believe that to marry in May is a waste of time, To marry in June means that you will be away from each other a lot of time whereas July weddings are linked to struggling so much to make a living. Those marriages in the month of August are associated with many changes in the couple. September weddings on the other hand are linked with both wealth and comfort, whereby love and dynamic riches are for October weddings. In addition, only joy will come in November wedding but deficiency of other things and December is the best month for marriage since they belief that true love will manifest. Irish Love Charms Like the saying goes â€Å"the way to a man’s heart is true the stomach† a woman says the Irish traditional charm as she prepares food for her man. The charm is aimed at bringing the man and the woman closer to each other and makes their love grow each day. The woman longs for everlasting affection from her husband and wishes that her man could give her total attention. Irish traditional songs and lyrics The Irish are known to love songs and dance and this is more pronounced during courtship and marriage ceremonies (Mumphy et al, p126). Locals play flute and drum, fiddle as well as harp while singing helping music, which is full of fun in praise of the bride and bridegrooms. They have a proverb that says â€Å"the most beautiful music of all is the music of what happens† and hence all the music and dance is dedicated to the event of that day. Works cited. Fielding, William J. Strange Customs of Courtship and Marriage. The New Home Library, New York. 2005. P. 263. Goodwin Audrey, Irish-wedding traditions El Cajon, Ca. United States. March 2001 p128. Campbell Georgina, The Best Irish Breads and Baking. Georgina Campbell’s Ireland. 2007. p65 Mumphy, Colin and Donal O’Dea (2006), The Feckin’Book of Everything Irish. NewYork, Barnes and Noble. (2006) p126. irish church wedding accessed online 0n 1st October 2007 http://www. romanceclass. com/weddings/ireland/churcweddingasp. Haggerty Bridget, Irish culture and customs; the humor is on me now. Music for an Irish Wedding reception. jan, 2007. accessed online on 1st October 2007 http://www. irishcultureandcustoms. com/wedding/musicreception. html.

The Aesthetical Philosophies of St Thomas Aquinas Essay Example for Free

The Aesthetical Philosophies of St Thomas Aquinas Essay Thomist philosophy as the only true Christian philosophy3 , regarded to the best of its kind. As we delved into the study of the aesthetics of Tomas Aquinas, the interesting thing about it that there seemed to be no singular book written about the topic among his great body of philosophical oeuvre. It also have been said that he seemed to be not written a clear, specific aesthetic theory4 . Yet his appreciation of beauty and aesthetics and his artistic personality are spread throughout and very much evident in his works. Now lays a problem for me, our contemporary era in the 21st century has no relevant comparison to the medieval times. Our contemporary times with the technological advancements and societal developments and upheavals present little resemblance to the conditions of the Middle Ages. To my mind the world we are living in, i. e. my life and my way of thinking, is anything but medieval. Studying the philosophies of St. Thomas, made me think if there is any significance of his aesthetic principles to my artistic future. Now comes the question: do the aesthetic principles of St. Thomas still be applicable to our fickle fast-faced times of â€Å"anything-is-possible† and â€Å"art-isover†5 mentality? In these era of mobile phones, Internet, iPodâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s, iPadâ„ ¢s and Digital Cameras, where beauty is a sinuous shape and titanium casings to to die-for, do integritas, proportio, and claritas6 still ring true to the contemporary artists like Vik Muniz7 , designers at Apple ®, or to the recent OSCARâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s best picture movie director of â€Å"The King’s Speech†, are they even applicable to other arts such as performance art like dance? What got me interested in this particular topic is stating the obvious: I am curious if St. Thomas aesthetics and appreciation of beauty is still relevant to me? With a 700 years between us, can his teaching still have any impact to me? A newbie artist / graduate student. 3 4 5 Ralph McInerny, Thomas Aquinas: Selected Writings (London: Penguin Books, 1998) p. xxvii Umberto Eco, The Aesthetic of Thomas Aquinas (Milan: Gruppo Editoriale Fabbri, 1970) p. 19 Arthur Danto, The End of Art in the Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art (New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1986) pp 85 6 7 Thomas Aquinas, â€Å"Summa Theologica† Q39, Ar 8. Vik Muniz is a Brazilian Artist who is famous for bringing multi-media artform to the wide acceptance of the public. See his TED video presentation of his life, work and artistic philosophy: http://blog. ted. com/2007/04/20/vik_muniz_on_te/ Majella Salceda-Tresvalles †¢ [emailprotected] com †¢ UST Graduate School 4 Tomasso D’Aquino His education and professional life Thomas from the land Aquino was born in the thirteenth century Italy, in 1225, at a time of resurgence in the appreciation of the classical literature, philosophical writings and concepts. He was born to an aristocratic class, and having been well provided for, had been educated at the nearby monastery of Monte Cassino. He was exposed very early in his life to musical education thanks to the resources of his landed family. Having been honed early in rhetoric, grammar, dialectic in his trivium years and later, quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy8 , the appreciation of the finer arts of music, poetry and literature came very natural. Through his education that his aesthetic sense was developed. His early grasp of musical harmony shows in his liturgical musical compositions later in his professional life. His solid background in rhetoric is well evident in his voluminous writings of the Summas, Commentaries, Letters, etc. All these presents us, modern people, a deep artistic appreciation of the many creative talents of Thomas Aquinas. Thomas wrote on his appreciation of beauty of the arts was coming from the breath of his education and experience and not merely coming from detached point of view of an observer or mere intellectual. Before becoming a friar himself he had already a highly-developed sense of artistic talent and aesthetics. Much was said about how Tomas became a Dominican, a mendicant order of friars, much to the consternation of his wealthy family who had designs for him to become a landlord himself or become an Abbot of the nearby Benedictine Abbey, Monte Cassino, much like his uncle the Abbot Sinibald. But Tomas had other plans. He became a Dominican, this ambition was instrumental to his success as the leading thinkers of all history. It was with the Dominicans that 8 Ralph McInerny, editor, Thomas Aquinas Selected Writings, (London: Penguin Books, 1998) pp. x Majella Salceda-Tresvalles †¢ [emailprotected] com †¢ UST Graduate School 5 his in-depth intellect was nurtured and encouraged and given credence. It was a match simply planned in heaven! Tomas became a protege of Albertus Magnus, a giant among the intellectuals in the Dominican order. But earlier on, in his education at the University of Naples Tomas was introduced by one of his teachers, Master Lawrence, a Transylvanian, of to the great writings of Aristotle9. It also have to be noted that the classical philosophies at that time had a resurgence by way of Alexandria. The islamic scientists and scholars have been known to have and propagated the ideas championed by Plato, Aristotle 10, Plotinus, Boethius and many more. St. Albert the Great nurtured Tomas’ talent and intelligence to maturity. To cite a few of his compositions, â€Å"The Office and Mass of Corpus Christi† is surely the most admirable liturgical service ever composed, the â€Å"Adoro Te† touches deep emotion and has been considered as a great poetry. Tomas was not only exact in his theology but also a master of prosody11 . Tomas became a bright young teacher himself after being conferred a master at the University of Paris. He was under the tutelage of his great mentor, Albertus Magnus and eventually out-shined his master. A contemporary of Tomas was Giovanni Di Fidanza, who later became Bonaventure, a Franciscan who later became a saint himself. The two had a mutual respect for each other but that relationship was later tested by a religious controversy, which we will not be discussing, as the scope of this paper is limited. The two former classmates went on their separate directions, Thomas became a renowned teacher and philosopher, had two stints as regent master of the Parisian Dominican house and Bonaventure, a noted Theologian, eventually became the Minister General of the order of Franciscans. Both led parallel lives and both died in the same year, 1274, a mere four months of each other. Bonaventure was eventually declared a â€Å"Doctor Seraphicus† and we know Tomas is â€Å"Doctor Angelicus† and the â€Å"Doctor Universalis†. St. Thomas died early without finishing his greatest work, the third part of Summa Theologica, about Christ. Around six months prior to his untimely 9 Peter Strather, Thomas Aquinas in 90 Minutes An Audiobook (Blackstone: London, N. d. ) Ibid. David Knowles, â€Å"The Evolution of the Medieval Thought† 2nd ed. (Longman Group: Essex, England, 10 11 1988), p235 Majella Salceda-Tresvalles †¢ [emailprotected] com †¢ UST Graduate School 6 death, he had another vision of God that changed his point-of-view. Apparently he had conversation with God while saying a mass, this vision had shown him the magnificence and grandeur of God. After which, he ‘hanged his writing instruments’, so to speak. His reasoning was that all his writings were mere ‘straw’ compared to the majesty of God. Tomas was canonized a saint some fifty years after his death, but not without controversy within the theological community, largely brought by the Franciscans 12 and other theologian opposed to his theoglogy. But Pope Leo XIII, an ardent Thomist scholar, prevailed in 1879, citing in his encyclical Aeterni Patris that the theology of Thomas is philosophia perenis, whose philosophies are to be taught in all the religious schools from there on after. Thus, the prophesy of Albertus Magnus came true, that the ‘dumb ox’s bellowing will be heard to the ends of the earth’, and it is still being heard as of this day, loud and clear. 12 â€Å"St. Thomas Aquinas†, New Advent website, 7 Majella Salceda-Tresvalles †¢ [emailprotected] com †¢ UST Graduate School Medieval Concept of Beauty and Art Gothic Cathedral in Lyon, France (Photo Credit: Majella Salceda-Tresvalles, 2008) Let us start by understanding the concept of beauty and art during the medieval times, the appreciation of beauty is very much different from appreciation of arts. Way back in the classical times in Greece, Arts, or Ars, as it was known then, as techne (‘ ’, meaning craft)13 were related to craftmaking only, unlike what we know of art today. The artist then was a craftsman that churns the requirements of the religious to come up with tall churches, golden vestments and bejeweled chalices. The monarchs and landed too are among the privileged few that can afford to have beautiful things to adorn their palaces and splendid residences. Medieval thought, like the classical thought, did not considered that art necessarily had to do with the production of beautiful things or stimulation of aesthetic pleasure. As â€Å"Ars† (art) signified a technique for constructing objects. If some of these objects appeared to be beautiful, this was a side issue. However this â€Å"side issue† is central to modern philosophy, to which the artistic experience is always somehow connected with aesthetic experience. 14 13 14 Steve Shipps, (Re)Thinking ‘Art’: A Guide for Beginners (USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008) pp. 4 Eco, Aesthetic of Thomas Aquinas, pp. 3 Majella Salceda-Tresvalles †¢ [emailprotected] com †¢ UST Graduate School 8 A survey of the history of medieval aesthetics provides ample evidence of the two of the elements in medieval culture: (1) philosophical reflection on beauty; (2) a concrete and conscious awareness of the beauty of things and the aesthetic reality of art. Some historian assert that the two are in fact independent of each other, the metaphysical reflection on beauty was something quite separate from the everyday, concrete aesthetic sensibility at that time. In the medieval times, the appreciation of beauty in the everyday living was grounded on the ordinary taste. It cannot be denied that the medievals had aesthetic sense, yet it must be noted too that during those times, they lack in the proper artistic semantics unlike what we have in our â€Å"advanced† era of the 21st century. But not knowing the terminologies does not mean that they did not admire what beauty was. One only has to survey the designs of medieval cathedrals, musical compositions, commissions to produce various metal functional implements, to agree that truly there was medieval aesthetics. The integration of the temporal pleasures to the theological beauty was very much evident in the Middle Ages, i. e. temporal pleasures admiration of the beauty of a church, theological beauty- church architectural design served to â€Å"give praise† to the divinity of God. If art could simultaneously instruct and delight (prodesse et delectare) this was because the medieval sensibility like the whole medieval culture as a whole, was an â€Å"integrated† sensibility. 16 This integration was used to the fore by the church, choosing the art in churches to simultaneously instruct and enhance worship. The Catholic Church was the biggest benefactor or client for the artisans, art was used for religious, court and political purposes only. Whether one favors that the only appreciation of beauty was limited to theological aspects or only of this earth, or both, the apparent system of aesthetic sensibility, i. e. its limitations in semantics should be taken into account within the cultural framework of the medievals at the time. Lets face it, the wheels of history was moving slowly during that time, and inventing new words and discovering new things took time.

Unemployment During The Recession Economics Essay

Unemployment During The Recession Economics Essay The unemployment rate is one of the key variables that policy makers are interested in. There are different causes of unemployment and it is very difficult for governments to determine which causes are most important and how to deal with them. The two main types of causes of unemployment can be split as demand-sided and supply-sided. The unemployment has both economic and noneconomic costs (McConnell and Brue, 2005). The economic costs of unemployment are; (i) decrease in income and output which is measured in terms of the GNP gap and, (ii) burden of unemployment is not distributed equally among employees especially during recession periods (Petroff, 2002). On the other hand, loss of self-confidence, social and political conflicts can be counted as some of the noneconomic costs of unemployment (McConnell and Brue, 2005). Thus, it is important to analyse causes and outcomes of unemployment especially during recession period. Unemployment during Recession Since Industrial Revolution, the entire world economy has gained a momentum. This momentum has led to economic expansion an increase in quality of life. However, this momentum hasnt shown continuity. Countries have experienced many ups and downs in their economic activities since they industrialized. These up and down movements in economic activities or in production level are known as business or economic cycle (Parkin, 2012; Abel et al., 2008). There are two main periods of the business cycle (Parkin, 2012); expansion and recession. An expansion is a period which represents an increase in the economic activities and production level of an economy/country (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). Contrary, recession is an extended time period when the economic activities and gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation are slowing or falling down (Abel et al, 2008; Harris, 2002). These activities are including level of employment, investments, household income, business profits and inflation rate. In a business or economic cycle, recession occurs between peak and trough points. It is also known as a business cycle contraction. This is represented in the Figure 1. -Causes of Recession: Negative Demand and Supply Shocks According to Abel et al. (2008), two main causes of economic recession are negative aggregate demand shock (ADS) and negative aggregate supply shock (ASS). A negative ADS is a sudden event that decreases the aggregate demand in an economy (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). There are several reasons for this type of negative shock. It generally occurs because of tight fiscal and monetary policies (Abel et al., 2008). Government sets high taxes and reduces government expenditures to decrease the inflationary pressures. On the other hand, these policies can causes a fall in the aggregate demand and as a result economic recession takes place. The recession that United Kingdom (UK) experienced during 1980-81 was caused by tight fiscal and monetary policies (Pettinger, 2012). There were high tax rates, low government expenditure, and high interest rates for reducing spending, consumption and investment. The UK government was applied these tight policies for reducing the inflationary pressures whic h was formed in the late of 1980s. Inflation had fallen but the cost of these policies was the economic recession. Classical economists suggest that the negative ADS do not cause continued fluctuations in output level (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). However, they view that a negative ASS is a major reason behind the critical changes in output and employment level (Burda and Wyplosz, 2001). A negative supply shock or a negative production shock is an unexpected event that decreases the aggregate supply in an economy/country (Abel et al., 2008). A negative ASS causes an inward shift in the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve of an economy (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 2, there is an inward shift in the LRAS curve because of a negative supply shock. It is reducing full-employment output from Q1 to Q2 and increase the price level from P1 to P2. This change in the price level represents that a negative supply shock causes prices to rise during the recession. Some of the real world examples of negative supply shocks are; changes in weather, such as an unexpected cold weather; changes in the structure of industries, such as merging of two or more dominant companies (Abel et al., 2008). Sometimes, the dominant suppliers join together for increasing their market power. By this way, they can restrict supply and set higher prices for making more profit. The real world reflection of this happened in 1970s by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) where members were imposed an oil embargo and then increased oil prices. When the oil prices rise, firms began to produce less since the cost of production was increase independently fro m aggregate demand. During oil price shock, labour demand, employment and real wage rate had fallen (Carlstrom and Fuerst, 2006). A negative supply shock reduces the quantity of labour demanded at any given real wage rate and causes an inward shift in the labour demand curve (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 3, the negative supply shock causes a fall in the labour market equilibrium from point A to B. At the new equilibrium both real wage and employment level falls. This graph also reflects the effects of oil price shock on the labour market. -Supply Side Factors During recession both businesses and individuals tend to retrench their economic belts and this causes negative effects on the level of production and consequently demands for labour decrease. Thus, during recession unemployment turns out to be one of the major problems on both government and society. Some of the unemployment during recession base on supply-side factors like personal transferable skills, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility (job skills), and geographical mobility (Adams et al., 2000). For example; in UK, economic structure is turning to service based from manufacturing based economy (Parkin, 2012). The main reason of this structural change is globalisation and international trade agreements. According to Parkin (2012), UK has completely lost its cost advantages in manufacturing goods since the cost of production is much cheaper in Eastern Europe countries. Structural changes lead primary and secondary sector workers lose their jobs and many of them cann ot find new jobs since they dont have necessary skills for working in service sectors such as financial service institutions and information technology. However, even when economy is operating at full capacity, there is some unemployment that causes by the supply side factors. This is generally known as the natural rate of unemployment or equilibrium unemployment (Blink and Dorton, 2007). The natural rate of unemployment exists when the labour market is in equilibrium (Abel et al., 2008). In figure 4, the total labour force (TLF) in an economy and aggregate supply of labour (ASL), which stands for the number of people who are willing to work at every given wage rate, are presented. The difference between points a and b is natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is the combination of frictional and structural unemployment (Abel et al., 2008). Frictional unemployment occurs when employees leave their jobs for finding more suitable job opportunities in order to satisfy their career and income expectations (Parkin, 2012). While employees are searching for new jobs, there is always some frictional unemployment in th e economy. The poor job information may lead this searching process to take longer than what the employees expected and consequently employees may lose their motivations for finding new jobs. Unemployment benefits are also a factor that affect the incentive to not to work. Also, structural unemployment occurs when the structure or production methods of an industry are changed in order to keep pace with changes in consumers tastes and new production techniques (Sloman, 2004). Structural unemployment is generally known as the long-term unemployment since workers must retrain or they may have to relocate for staying at their current jobs or finding new jobs (Parkin, 2012). On the other hand, the financial and mental costs of retraining and relocation lead structural unemployment that contains geographical and occupational immobility. Housing prices are one of the most important financial problems that cause geographical immobility. For example; in London, the active capital city life creates more job opportunities than in the North of England, but housing prices and rents are much more expensive than in the North of England. So, some workers may prefer to take unemployment benefits and staying at their neighbourhoods rather than paying high rents or buyin g expensive houses in London. This causes geographical immobility. An increase in unemployment rate also increases the burden of the government. High unemployment means an increase in the total amount of unemployment benefits that governments have to pay. As a result of an increase in unemployment rate, governments revenues fall. So, it causes budget deficits. In order to decrease the rate of unemployment, government may use both supply-side and demand-side policies. The main aim of the supply-side polices is to make labour force more responsive and flexible against the changes in job opportunities (Sloman, 2004). However, if there is lack of aggregate demand, supply-side policies can be ineffective. Thus, for achieving more effective results government can support supply-side policies by using demand-side policies as well as fiscal and monetary policies. Conclusion In recent years, recession become one of the major problems that the entire world economies encountered. It is inevitable for governments to take certain measures to determine the causes of economic downturn. It can be caused by demand side or supply side shocks. During the recession, unemployment becomes one of the serious problems because of low levels of consumption, demand and investment (Pettinger, 2011). However, unemployment exists even when economy is operating at full capacity. Unemployment never becomes zero because of supply-side factors, like; personal transferable skills, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility (job skills), and geographical mobility (Adams et al., 2000). Structural and frictional unemployment are unemployment types that cause by supply side factors. There are massive research efforts to find out causes of unemployment and how to deal with it. The long lasting effects of unemployment make it an important problem for all economies and governmen ts that encourage governments to try to find solutions for it since it has economic, social and political consequences.

Steriods in sports Essay example -- essays research papers

Steroids in Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion, the initial reason a person starts to play any sport is to either to have fun or mainly to emulate their favorite sports figures. So many kids want to swing a bat like Barry Bonds, or rush the football like Jamal Lewis, or play soccer like Pelle’. When I was younger, I wanted to tackle like Lawrence Taylor. Since these children like to do what they see their role models do, what happens if they find out that their favorite person boosts his skills by using illegal substances? Since there are a lot of impressionable minds out there, some of those little fans may be swayed to do the same when they get the chance to. Steroids are addictive, just like marijuana or other illegal substances, and there are some well known athletes abusing them to get a quick â€Å"power up† instead of actually working hard to achieve muscle tone, or that extra intensity; that extra strength that they think they need. Steroids are seemingly displacing hard wor k in today’s sports world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I asked coach Wilson, my hometown football coach, about his opinion on steroids. â€Å"I’ve caught some boys taking steroids personally, and I think the main reason that it’s taken is competition. They usually do not know how to lose, and they will do almost anything to win.† When I asked him what could be done to improve on this problem, â€Å" Well the only thing that I can think of to sort of contain this problem is random testing for athletes.† â€Å"There is now a cream out that players do not have to inject into their blood stream, they just have to rub it on their skin, and it won’t show up in a blood test.† He went on to state that â€Å"In Highschool it’s pretty easy to point out most of the kids using.† â€Å"You can mainly tell by their attitude, and their size for a highschool student.† Also, he stated that â€Å"steroids don’t really make you better, I mean they don’t really increase your speed or agility, they just increase your intensity level, and make you bigger as far as muscles go, but it’s not worth it when you think about the risk those people take with their bodies.† Former baseball all-star, Jose Canseco had a book published, call â€Å"Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant Roids, Smash Hits, and How Baseball Got Big.† This book pointed the finger at several players accusing them of steroid abuse. Miguel Tejada was among the p... ...kle, that maybe we would have won a game or two, but never did I think about using steroids for the â€Å"extra edge† that I thought I needed. I just used other methods of cheating, like tripping players, or holding players, or when there was a fumble, I would get under the pile and kick, and punch, and twist limbs. I cheated legally and we still did not win many games. I can not say that none of my teammates thought about using, but I do not think so, and from a personal locker room relationship with them, I do not think any of them used steroids while I was on the team. We lost our games honestly, â€Å"well sort of.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steroids are â€Å"eating up† the sports world as we know it. Whether it is giving players who are already good, unfair advantages, or killing and or crippling steroid abusers for life. All major sports, from baseball to track and field are cracking down on the usage of steroids. There is not yet a way to completely stop it, but random testing, and psychological profiles can help contain the problem. Also the media should use discretion when reporting these problems on the news or in the newspapers, as they would when talking about other substances.

Shakespeares Macbeth - Macbeth as Oxymoron :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

MacBeth: Oxymoron Act 1 Scene 1 Page 274 Line 12-13: "Fair is foul, and foul is fair: / Hover through the fog and filthy air." This quote is interesting to me because it is an oxymoron. Its impossible how fair can be foul when fair is equal or mild and foul is gross and rotten. Its significance is that the witches delight in the confusion of good and bad, beauty and ugliness. Act 1 Scene 2 Page 279 Line 40: "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" This quote simply means that it's one of those days when fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm, some hail, and more sunshine. In other words nature is acting somewhat strange. Act 1 Scene 3 Page 282 Line 174-175: "My dull brain was wrought / With things forgotten" Macbeth makes the lying excuse that he was thinking about something so unimportant that he has already forgotten what it was. However, those things are far from forgotten. Act 1 Scene 4 Page 284 Line 13-47: "There's no art / To find the mind's construction in the face" I chose this quote because I thought it was pretty interesting how Duncan tells us not that you can't tell a book by its cover. From him saying this I compare it to Macbeth. Macbeth may look all innocent on the outside, but in the inside who knows what he has going on in his mind. Act 1 Scene 5 Page 286 Line 18-20: "Thou wouldst be great; / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it" Lady Macbeth is like the witches, she also believes that foul is fair. Ambition "should" be accompanied by "illness." Yet she does not believe that Macbeth is really good. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 295 Line 5-6:"There's husbandry in heaven; / Their candles are all out"   Banquo means that heaven has gone to bed, and has put out its "candles" (the stars) for the night. Its significance is that the night stars will never be as bright again because nature will now be in a state of turmoil and confusion. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 296 Line 41-42: "Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?   At this point in time Macbeth thinks he sees a dagger floating in the air and its pointing to Duncan's room. In other words Macbeth is hallucinating. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 297 Line 69-70: "Whiles I threat, he lives: / Words to the Shakespeare's Macbeth - Macbeth as Oxymoron :: GCSE English Literature Coursework MacBeth: Oxymoron Act 1 Scene 1 Page 274 Line 12-13: "Fair is foul, and foul is fair: / Hover through the fog and filthy air." This quote is interesting to me because it is an oxymoron. Its impossible how fair can be foul when fair is equal or mild and foul is gross and rotten. Its significance is that the witches delight in the confusion of good and bad, beauty and ugliness. Act 1 Scene 2 Page 279 Line 40: "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" This quote simply means that it's one of those days when fog is followed by sunshine, then a thunderstorm, some hail, and more sunshine. In other words nature is acting somewhat strange. Act 1 Scene 3 Page 282 Line 174-175: "My dull brain was wrought / With things forgotten" Macbeth makes the lying excuse that he was thinking about something so unimportant that he has already forgotten what it was. However, those things are far from forgotten. Act 1 Scene 4 Page 284 Line 13-47: "There's no art / To find the mind's construction in the face" I chose this quote because I thought it was pretty interesting how Duncan tells us not that you can't tell a book by its cover. From him saying this I compare it to Macbeth. Macbeth may look all innocent on the outside, but in the inside who knows what he has going on in his mind. Act 1 Scene 5 Page 286 Line 18-20: "Thou wouldst be great; / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it" Lady Macbeth is like the witches, she also believes that foul is fair. Ambition "should" be accompanied by "illness." Yet she does not believe that Macbeth is really good. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 295 Line 5-6:"There's husbandry in heaven; / Their candles are all out"   Banquo means that heaven has gone to bed, and has put out its "candles" (the stars) for the night. Its significance is that the night stars will never be as bright again because nature will now be in a state of turmoil and confusion. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 296 Line 41-42: "Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?   At this point in time Macbeth thinks he sees a dagger floating in the air and its pointing to Duncan's room. In other words Macbeth is hallucinating. Act 2 Scene 1 Page 297 Line 69-70: "Whiles I threat, he lives: / Words to the

Martin Luther :: essays research papers

The Renaissance marked new interests in the discovery of the natural world through art and the sciences. In art, the discovery of perspective brought a revolutionary realism to painting, architecture, and exploration. This led to the Europeans’ discoveries of new lands, such as Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Because of the Renaissance’s deviance from the thoughts of the medieval age, an opportunistic view of humanity developed. Many began believing that man was capable of doing anything, as long as they had the will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society developed a man-centered thought, somewhat departing from the God centered thought of the medieval period. The educated leader, soldier, and artist were revered, whereas the bishop, priest, and monk took a back seat. The artists and humanists of the Renaissance era would help establish this age as one of individualism and creativity Renaissance thinkers appealed to a combination of Christianity and Humanism, by referring to Genesis 1:26 (â€Å"And God said, ‘Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness’†) and Genesis 1:28 (â€Å"Have dominion over [earth]’†). Because man is made in God’s likeness and has dominion of Earth, Humanists believed they were divine creations of God living on Earth. The Renaissance helped secularize Europe. Man was now the creator of his own destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The exploration during this era brought more centralized monarchies. The flood of silver and gold made many nations money hungry, as they raced to discover more lands. Also, this era could be considered a scientific one, as Copernicus published his De Revolutionibus, which culminated into the growth of universities. Also, the printing press had created the ability to produce books cheaply and in more quantities. And this was important, as the Renaissance created a literate public eager for whatever was freshly published.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Renaissance occurred for many reasons. One main reason could be with the dissatisfaction with the Church. There was a shift from group salvation to a more personalized view on life, due to the Humanistic movement. People wanted an individualized way of salvation. The sacraments became devoid of meaning. The papacy lost much of its power, due to the secularization of many cities. People were able to congregate among themselves and discuss ideas and thoughts. Many people noticed the wealth of the papacy. The poor resented this wealth, while the rich citizens envied it. At the same time, the popes were still selling indulgences and high offices. The clergy had become lax and corrupt.

Microeconomics and faber-castell

The perfect definition of a purely competitive market in microeconomics states that there should be specific factors which must be followed in order to guarantee that firms who are participating in the business for companies which are moving in the markets do not have control of prices.   Such factors are easy transportation, perfect communication, and a host of many other variables. However, practicing the most important factor in determining a perfectly competitive states in the economy and a perfectly competitive product is the homogeneity of a certain good. And this is where our definition of commodity comes in.   In microeconomics, a commodity is usually defined as an object or a good in which there is a certain demand, but however which is supplied by firms without differentiation between the other products.   And although we are all to used associate the word commodity with absolutely anything that has to do with a good or service that we should be purchasing,   in its purest sense and definition, a commodity is characterized by something in where it is the market which defines their prices, and not any other factor of control. Note that our keyword for this point of discussion is that a quantity should not be differentiated from other goods because if it is so, then it would theoretically be able to define the market price in its own, and not because as an effect of other factors imperfect competition (Mankiw, 2006). We then come to the discussion of an article by the economist.com website where in it discusses the history of the pencil company Faber-Castell. Our discussion of Faber-Castell as a commodity now becomes sacrificed, for he can now say, after being given a definition of what a commodity is that Faber-Castell cannot possibly be a commodity.   The reason for this is that as the article discusses, unlike the many other pencils available to our global markets, both in the local and international sense, today are more or less homogeneous in nature (Economist, 2007).   Meaning that although of course they can have many other brands which define their names, we do not necessarily care among the brands because each pencil is basically the same as the other.   The case of Faber-Castell, however, is that its pencils are produced in such a way and distributed in such a way that it may be further identified as a pencil with true quality and a much higher value therefore than the other pencils available in the market. Again of course one may argue that a pencil is still a pencil.   However, as we have discovered in the reading of the article, because of the nature of how the pencil is created specifically the lead content, the wood used in creating its frame, even its eraser and design has specifically put the user into mine even up to the point of already creating a steady following for its use. The article stated extremely popular names as the handful of the people who are loyal to the use of such a pencil. The shifting of the brands classification from commodity may even be thought of as a move where in is the owner of the company, Count Anton Wolfgang von Faber-Castell .net actually classify it as not a commodity, that it would eventually do so because the quality of the pencils themselves creates its own definition (Mulligan, 2007). as we have perhaps learned in many of our economics and management courses, as well as to the floor of the many here ethical marketing books out in the market today, product integrity plays an important role in the popularity and eventually the profit maximizing value of outputs of products.   Not only would there be higher revenues and therefore higher profits in London was to say able to maintain the integrity of the company’s products, it will also serve as a self advertising method for the companies. Perhaps the closest thing that we could compare to our model of Faber-Castell is the company of General Electronics headed by Jack Welch, where it is also product integrity as low as quality of the outputs being produced that displays at the highest importance and role in the company. If we were to use a theoretical model for microeconomics in understanding the issue of product integrity, perhaps you could relate it most closely to the demand equation of the supply and demand model. although the movement in the demand curve and eventually the demand schedule is determined specifically by price, the shifting of the said curve is affected by many other variable such as the income of consumers, the tastes and preferences of consumers, the price is up for latent or substitute goods, and the other factors except for price.   It is here that we see that if we were to factor in integrity into such economic variables, ceteris paribus, we arrive at the conclusion that product integrity may also be able to shift the demand curve further upward if product integrity is maintained or increased. The opposite may also be true, however, and that is essentially the danger in economics, where in unlike the labor supply of macroeconomics by John Keynes which is sticky upwards, micro economic models such as the demand function and to demand equation are effected both ways and both sides.   Increasing the integrity of a product may be able to increase its demand and therefore increase revenues and profit, but a decrease in the integrity of the product may also be able to perform the opposite effect, which is to decrease revenues and profits as well as increased costs, therefore moving the company closer to shut down point or already above the equilibrium price. Also, if we take in Faber-Castell to our situation, we also realize that the firm’s economic model is at actually a perfectly competitive model or not even close.   What it does close to, however, is a monopoly model for the economy where in the demand curve for certain firm is downward sloping and its marginal revenue curve is also below the demand curve where in decreasing quantity produced results in an increase in price. Because of the impacts on welfare of a monopoly model of a firm in an economy, it is more or less cited as negative by economists.   However, in the real world situation where it is money that rules, we could not ignore the fact that Faber-Castell has achieved a monopoly setting again because it has shifted its commodity into a monopoly good. We therefore arrive at the final question of efficiency.   Economic efficiency highlights that there is no welfare loss, which is explained by the Pareto Optimality condition of the production possibilities frontier.   However, real world definition of efficiency states clearly higher profits (Sutton, 2007).   And in the case of our Faber-Castell model, we can perhaps say that it has achieved efficiency within itself because of how it has been able to market its good so effectively that demand is higher. Works Cited â€Å"At the sharp end; Face value.(Faber-Castell Corp.).† Economist (US), The, March   3, 2007. Mankiw, N. Gregory.   Principles of Microeconomics. Mason, OH:   South-Western College Pub, 2006. Mulligan, Mark. â€Å"Pencil me in: the CEO of Faber-Castell, the world's top pencil maker, sets his sights on Latin America. Why not? Most of his production is already in Brazil.† Latin CEO: Executive Strategies for the Americas , June   1, 2001. Sutton, John.   Sunk Costs and Market Structure: Price Competition, Advertising, and the Evolution of Concentration. Cambridge, Massachusetts:   The Mit Press, 2007.   

Support Children Speech, Language and Communication

ASSESSMENT EIGHT The delirious environment that you create for sisterren is as principal(prenominal) as the physical environment. It is vital that whole tikeren especially those with lecture, lecture and conversation necessitate feel Review evidence more than or less in your key factors that provide a comfortable, confident, secure and welcome the setting and that they collect a sense of belonging and well-being. They conduct the support of adults who argon sensitive to their demand and understand how auxiliary speech, style and communication primary(prenominal) childrens well-being is to their come uponing. nvironment It is important to provide an environment that supports the building of relationships. Children expense term in small aggroups, with bingle key person, or in pairs, bed gain from support to build their confidence. embroil activities that involve a small group of children leave alone provide opportunities to key factors supplying develop envir onment Physical speech, wrangle and communication skills through repetition and trustworthy modelling of words and classroom you pass in should have language displays e. g. connectives and how to utilise them.The sentences by the adult. Children who have difficulty in making themselves understood may regularly snatch toys from early(a) children orand responsibilities Staff roles fragmentise activities because they are frustrated and cannot communicate their necessarily in any other path. Their unrestrained development specific rolessupported, and practitioners need shell It is the responsibility of cater to carry out(p) take to be to encourage speech support, for to help them to develop more purloin turn to for help when a child needs one. nowing when and where to communication methods. Labelling resources and quiet areas (as suggested above) also helps to improve the emotional environment. Children will be confident about where things are, and feel more secure. They will have Training needs and opportunities somewhere to sit quietly if the hustleand language should be carried outtoo much at times. In the Trainings on how to support speech and roll of the setting becomes from time to time.This may compulsive Relationships section, the importance of listening and responding to children with sensitivity be in form of a staff meeting. was discussed. Such a positive onrush to childrens needs contributes to a supportive and effective emotionally balanced environment. Views of the child Children views should be considered in handling matters pertaining their communicatory well being as their views will go a long way in positively supporting their speech, language and communicative environment.Appropriate involvement of carers/parents. Meetings(which mayhap official or unofficial) with carers/parents should be held from time to time as no other one knows the child better (apart from the teachers) than their carers and parents. -Other factors are(A)P lay and exploration Childrens play reflects their unsubtle ranging and varied interests and preoccupations. In their play children learn at their highest level. Play with peers is important for childrens development.

Kraft Food’s Case Study

kraft paper FOOD fel downheartedship Chapter I INTRODUCTION A. COMPANYS HISTORY According to Frank (2010), in 1903, on that point was a man named James Lewis kraft who had begun quit delivery service at stops ara after he had been eased step forward from a cheese club at Buffalo. each(prenominal)(prenominal) morning, he leave buy cheese sweeping and resold it to the local vendors in invest to avoid the cheese melt or spoil. The dividing line was successful and several(prenominal) of his br sepa commits who atomic number 18 k promptlyn as Charles H. , John H. , Fred baby buggy and no.man had joined the follow named J. L kraft & Bros. Co. in 1909 as permanent employees (MAC 2011).James L. kraft paper is a president of the fellowship who had invented a revolutionary answer in 1915. This process helps to pasteurize the cheese, frankincense it would non spoiled easily and can be transported eagle-eyed distances (NNDB 2009). Fundamentally, according to Phillip (2010), in 1920, kraft paper obtaind a Canadian cheese company and changed it to kraft paper Cheese articulationy in 1924. kraft paper Cheese troupe had obtained a lot of gross revenue which enable J. L kraft to expand the company into Ger many an(prenominal) an otherwisewise(prenominal), Australia and Britain. During World War II, kraft had supplied 4 billion pounds of cheese to Britain.It had showed that kraft paper was a main forage supplier at that time. In 1945, the kraft Cheese Company became kraft paper feed Company (NNDB 2009). B. COMPANYS DESCRIPTION kraft forage Companys headquarter had been located at Cheltenham, United Kingdom since kraft paper has a shut emerge connection with the rest of atomic number 63. The manufacturing site had been established at the Ban bury as a serviceman being(a) manufacturing base that will supply a variation type of intersection points worldwide in 155 countries including Malaysia, mainland China and United put up (kraft paper f atomic number 18 Inc. 2010). kraft feed Company was having more than than ascorbic acid,000 diverse employees all over the world.Currently, kraft paper Food Company is a siemens largest victuals and swallow company in the world after Nestle. C. TYPE OF PRODUCTS Furthermore, according to Joel (2010), kraft paper Food Company is popular with cheese and dairy farm, snack nourishments and confectionary, beverage and convenient nutriment for thoughts. However, kraft Food Company is essentially foc apply more on cheese and dairy results such as cottage cheese and acidify cream. kraft paper call forths a wide variety of cancel cheese and the supposesn cheese slices. Besides that, kraft withal been know as snack nutrient disgraces especially cookies and crackers.Some of popular snacks food offers by Kraft atomic number 18 Kraft cheese Nips, Wheat Thins crackers, gamboge Nuts and Garden gather toasted chips (Kraft Food 2011). Instead of that, sweet and confection ary food marks produced by Kraft are Oreo cookies, Kraft Mayo with chromatic oil, Jet-Puffed Marshmallows and Kraft salad dressings whereas for beverage and convenient foods are Kraft Macaroni and Cheese, California Pizza Kitchen and DiGiorno frozen pizzas, Yuban Coffee and maxwell Ho mapping (David 2009). Chapter II STRATEGY FORMULATION A. mickle AND MISSION STATEMENTS 1.Kraft Foods Mission Statement Make at present Delicious In order to fulfill this rush Kraft Foods Inc. foc accustoms on consumers in everything that they do. The company as well as pick ups that actions s apex louder than words, so at Kraft Foods, they jolly up trust. act like owners. keep it simple. are contri juste and inclusive. tell it like it is. lead from the head and the heart. dissertate decide -deliver. 2. Kraft Foods Vision Statement dowery People Around the World to Eat & comprise it Better Their mountain captures the essence of who they are.Everything they do flows from their visi on. They however dont happen to be a blood that sells food its what theyre all ab step to the fore. Their vision is about meeting consumers of necessity and do food an easier, healthier, more memorable, and enjoyable part of the vivification. Revised Mission Statement Here at Kraft Foods we strive to produce superior results and function (2) to our customers (1) ranging from wholesalers to nursing homes. The 21st century is sure to bring more innovation, sore harvests, and schoolgirlish food engineering science (4), thus alter us to create and deliver better and healthier products.Kraft Foods continues to lead the food effort as the largest food supplier in nary(prenominal)th the States (7) with plans to continue expansion into new and alert worldwide grocerys (3). We support the goals of the company by applying the upliftedest ethical charter inside our corpo direct philosophy in all our art transactions (6), be intimate acrossment of employees (9), and so cial and purlieual policies (8). We at Kraft Foods focus passing on our consumers lifestyles and aim to grow receiptsable in the worlds food food commercialise and cater a higher than judge return to treatholders (5).Our company produces pride in making today and the future-delicious. 1. ) Customers 2. ) harvest-times and services 3. ) merchandises 4. ) Technology 5. ) clientele for survival, exploitation, and favorableness 6. ) Philosophy 7. ) Self-c at a timept 8. ) Concern for public scope 9. ) Concern for employees Revised Vision Statement orbicular lead in offering the beaver food products enabling people to eat and live better. Explanation-This revised vision assertment incorporates a vision for the Kraft Foods Inc. to contact a globular leader among its competitors-that is to be the name unity.This statement shall encourage the whole memorial tablet of the green goddess to think not solely for the practised but for the exceed. The corporation shal l offer not only shade products but the lift out calibre products helping their international food commercialize mystify to live better through the usage of their products. B. EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT 1. rivalrous pen intercellular substance (CPM) sidestep 1. Competitive Pro file matrix(CPM) for Kraft Foods Inc. sarcastic Success Factor range Rating Rating 1. Advertising 3 4 2 2. pecuniary dapple 3 4 2 3. orbicular Expansion 3 4 2 4. Market divvy up 3 3 2 . intersection point Diversity 4 4 3 6. Consumer Demands 4 3 3 middling Rating 20/6= 3. 33 22/6= 3. 67 14/6= 2. 33 Note 1=major weakness, 2= venial weakness, 3= baby bird strength, 4=majorstrength The Competitive Profile hyaloplasm showsthe relative strength ofKraft Foods Inc. comparedto its competitors by using the critical success factors inits manufacturing. By identifying its strengths, we can in like manner identify its relative weaknesses and shout out them to formulate potent strategies. Kraf t Foods Inc. is relatively emulous in its industry, showing 3. 33 as its perfect s nerve.The company has to improve on global strength, commercialise helping and attractiveness as an employer to improve on bell ringer loyalty and customer retention. Its profit coast has a rating of 3 just like the new(prenominal)(a) industry because it is considered as a minor strength for they all want to focus on their brand and customer satisfaction. 2. cast Analysis The cast analysis contains the analysis of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental environments of a country with reference to aparticular object. The PESTLE analysis of Kraft Foods Inc. is as follows POLITICALThey support candidates who understand and appreciate the public policies that impact theirbusiness, brands and employees. The company has started a political action committee called Kraftpac or Kraft Political Action Committee which makesfunding to state political parties, committees and c andidates. ECONOMIC Kraft is making good earnings from its grocery involvements viaits products and brands. The company is delivering high property earnings toits voiceholders despite the difficult economic environment. They are continuously investing in their brands and businesses to furtherprovide splendiferous product offerings to their customers.As a result of their investing strategies, the Kraft Foods is very well positi iodined to deliver sustainable top-tier withstanding into action, with or without Cadbury (Kraft foods financial news, 2011). In 2008, Kraft Foods was once again named to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index and the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index in recognition of thecompanys economic, environmental and social give waying. SOCIAL The company took scuttle to improve theliving standards of more than 1 million farmers with effective partnerships with them.They af tied their cocoa and coffee purchase to further arrive at their partner fa rmers. Kraft Foods trim greenhouse gas emissions by 18% and piss consumption by 30% since2005, as heedful against total production. Furthermore, thecompany improved the keepal pen of more than 5,500products during the last five years. They removed virtually 6. 5 million pounds (3million kg) of salt from products in 2010 and helped to provide more than 1 billion servings of food since 1999 in the United States alone. TECHNOLOGICAL The company keeps consumer needs intheir mindsbefore designing their strategies.They adaptand forestall their needs in order tomeet them efficiently. The company has employed SAP Net weaver technology platform to ensure effective data and business transformation schema within all the business units (FBR, 2008). Kraft foods waste established a hub and rung model where a telephone exchangely led squad focuses on the overall strategies, systems, enabling tools, interlockworks and metrics. And, they stick out complemented that central team with R &D people the rough innovation technical scouts? embedded in from each oneof Krafts business units. LEGALThe company abides by the laws, rules, and regulations of the national as well asinternational countries in order to sustain itsprofitability and its business trading operating theatres. Almost all of the activities of the companys food trading operations impertinent of the United States are subject to local and national regulations similar to those applicable to Kraft Philippinesbusinesses and, in roughly cases,international regulatory provisions, such as those of the European Union relating to labeling, packaging, foodcontent, pricing, securities industrying and advertise and associate areas.ENVIRONMENTAL Kraft Foods has garment an examplein the global industry by determining a force backto sink the impact of its operations on the environment in the U. S. andaround the world. The company releasedits CSR report in 2010 which stated its environmental goals agenda t o take down the personal effects of nada and the carbon dioxide emissions in food plants to the conservation of water and minimizing excess packaging. They are creating packaging that uses slight(prenominal) material, weighs slight and reduces impacton landfills without compromising food safety or freshness.As part of their plan toreduce our carbon footprint, Kraft foods are improving their energy efficiencies, usingless(prenominal) energy and purpose new and cleaner extensions of energy. Kraft Foods timber for opportunities to reduce the use of water tominimize theimpact of water conduct and charge reuse waterin slipway that help the environment and save money. Lastly they are not only focusing on creating less waste in the manufacturing process, they are in like manner finding new and betterways to reuse, treat and even put waste to work. 3. Porters cinque Forces AnalysisBARGAINING personnel OF SUPPLIERS The food and beverage industry is kinda high and combative in nature. The values offered are jetly competitive toremain in the mart. THE BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The buyers preferences changes with the passage of time and they are likely to renewal to the seller who offers good theatrical role atless price. Wal-Mart has vie amajorrole in this case. It offers less priced goods toattract the buyers attention. There is a monumental opportunity for the buyers toextract industry and fast profits. THE affright OF THE ENTRY OF NEW COMPETITORSThere are al wee somany competitors present in the market that there are very less chances for the new set outrs to set foot in and enjoy their voice in the market. The existing companies have already spentso oft on their brands, prime(a) and positioning that it will be difficult for the new comers to entice shift among consumers. RIVALRY AMONG ESTABLISHED COMPETITIONS Intense disceptation lies in the food and beverage industry. The main vehicle by which firms in the industry preserve market share is through brand loyalty and diversification.In general, the products of thesefirms are highly elastic with consumers weighing the tradeoff between price and quality between companies and products. Consumers in the industry have minimal careening costs and there is never the guarantee of brand loyalty. Therefore, the way these firms maintain market share is by providingbrand quality at an affordable price. Thus, there is some cooperation amongfirms against the erosion of market share toprivate label products. With all firms promoting brand quality, there are signals passed onto the consumer that brand name products are superiorto private label products in quality and elegance.There have been restructurings and heartyignments at Kraft and at other companies in the industry in order to increase volume and profitability despite increasing foreplay costs, sluggish topline issue, margin contraction, and travel pension costs. THE THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS OR work The consumers e valuate the quality of products and their prices with that of others to decide which product tobuy. The treat of substitutes is medium in this case. Theprivate label products, also referred to as? generic? products, pose a spartan threat to industry andfirm profits. 4. Input Tools hold over 2.External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix for Kraft Foods Inc. paint External Factors Opportunities 1. Operates in many degraded exploitation categories 2. Growing demand for health and health products 3. lessen input costs raw materials 4. Changing lifestyles. 5. increase trends of relish enhancer for bottled water. 6. reaping in the market overall. 7. Cadbury acquisition provides new products. Threats 1. Increasing trend of dine out 2. Health concerns 3. Inflation transportation 4. uncomplimentary impact of contradictory currency 5. Customers switching to generic brands. 6. Intense contender from Mars Inc. Nestle SA C. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 1. native Factor Evaluation (IFE) Ma trix Table 3. upcountry Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix for Kraft Foods Inc. come across Internal Threats Strengths 1. sound RD 2 change magnituded organic revenues 3. Availability 4. Innovative advertising methods 5. Diverse range of leading brands 6. focusing on consumers 7. fast distribution network 8. Strong brand image 9. Worlds second-largest food company 10. 25% of global revenue from emerging markets wantonnesses 1. problem in launching new brands 2. Most of ontogenesis is dependent on acquisitions or expanding into new market. 3. Strong competition from Nestle, Hershey, etc. 4. Poor performance of North-American incision 2. MatchingTools a. Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats ( dweeb) Matrix TheopportunitiesandthreatsthatKraftFoodsInc. possessesarenow matched against itsstrengths andweaknesses byusing the arise matrix in order to generate appropriate strategies. Table 4. SWOT matrix for Kraft Foods Inc. 1 Strengths SWOT MATRIX SWOT MATRIX 1. Strong RD 2. Increased organic revenues 3. Availability 4. Innovative advertising methods 5. Diverse range of leading brands 6.Focus on consumers 7. Strong Distribution network 8. Strong brand image 9. Worlds second largest food company 10. 25% of global revenue from emerging markets Opportunities SO Strategies 1. Operates in many fast emergence categories Focus on retailers and restaurants (O1,S1)Position itself as a healthy food producer (O4, S3, S8)Focus on ready to eat products (O4 S6)Promote ready to drink beverages (O4, S5, S8) 2. Growing demand for health and wellness products 3. reduced input costs raw materials 4. Changing lifestyles. 5. Increased trends of olfaction enhancer for bottled water. 6. egression in the market overall. 7. Cadbury acquisition provides new products. Threats ST Strategies 1. Increasing trend of dining out Introduce low fat products (T3, S6)Outsource operations to cheaper logistics partners (T4, S7) 2. Health concerns 3. Inflation transpor tation 4. Unfavorable impact of immaterial currency 5. Customers switching to generic brands. 6. Intense competition from Mars Inc. , Nestle SA SWOT MATRIX SWOT MATRIX Weaknesses 1. Difficulty in launching new brands 2. Most of growth is dependent on acquisitions or expanding into new market. 3.Strong competition from Nestle, Hershey, etc. 4. Poor performance of North-American segment Opportunities WO Strategies 1. Operates in many fast growing categories Look for divestiture in poor performing segmentsSell packaged coffees to cafes (W4, O1) 2. Growing demand for health and wellness products 3. Decreased input costs raw materials 4. Changing lifestyles. 5. Increased trends of flavor enhancer for bottled water. 6. Growth in the market overall. 7. Cadbury acquisition provides new products. Threats WT Strategies 1. Increasing trend of dining out Launch a sub-brand (brand extension) for ealthier range of products(W3, T2)Market dependent look into closing lower v alue markets and look to switch to higher value economies 2. Health concerns 3. Inflation transportation 4. Unfavorable impact of foreign currency 5. Customers switching to generic brands. 6. Intense competition from Mars Inc. , Nestle SA IP IP c. capital of Massachusetts Consulting root (BCG) Matrix course of instruction Revenue (millions) Percent Revneues clams (millions) Percent winnings telling Market Share industry Growth Rate (%) Company $ 42,201 century% $2,901 100% 0. 38 6. 41% In the BCG matrix, Kraft Foods Inc. ervices are presented and compared with industrys growth rate. The percentage market share of Kraft Foods Inc. was computed as follows (2010 Kraft Foods net sales/ 2010 industry total net sales) X 100%= $42,201/$111,507= 38% The percentage industry growth rate was obtained from the annual increase in revenues. Table 5. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix for Kraft Foods Inc. ( worldwide Market Share) congenator market share in the industry (perce ntage) relation back market share in the industry (percentage) 1. 0 . 50 0. 0 2. . 50 0. 0 +20 0 20 +20 0 20 persistence Sales Growth Rate (Percentage) effort Sales Growth Rate (Percentage) Question mark I Question Marks I Stars II Stars II Dogs IV Dogs IV Cash awe common chord Cash Cows iii Kraft Foods belongs to Question Marks Group seen in quadrant I, it remains to be competitive bountiful although its market share is not that high but its growth rate in industry is high enough to encompass the market. In order to be on Stars the company must pursue an intense schema to strengthen the company and meet its goals in the industry. Table 6.Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix for Kraft Foods Inc. (Domestic Market Share) Relative Market Share Position in the Industry Relative Market Share Position in the Industry 1. 0 . 500. 0 2. 0 . 500. 0 Industry Sales Growth Rate (Percentage) Industry Sales Growth Rate (Percentage) +20 0 -20 +20 0 -20 Question Marks I Question Marks I Stars II Stars II Dogs IV Dogs IV Cash Cows deuce-ace Cash Cows III Kraft Foods belongs to Stars Group seen in quadrant II, its market share is high and highly competitive in the industry, but because of fast growing market, Kraft is required to have a huge investitures to maintain their lead.Division Revenue (millions) Percent Revneues good (millions) Percent Profit Relative Market Share Industry Growth Rate (%) Company $ 42,201 100% $ 2,901 100% 0. 70 6. 41% The percentage market share of Kraft Foods Inc. was computed as follows (2010 Kraft Foods net sales/ 2010 industry total net sales) X 100%= $42,201/$60,287= 70% The percentage industry growth rate was obtained from the annual increase in revenues. d. Internal-External (I/E) Matrix IFE broad(a) dull Scores IFE Total free weighted Scores Table 7. Internal-External (I/E) Matrix for Kraft Foods Inc.Strong Average Weak Strong Average Weak 4. 0 lofty 3. 0 to 4. 0 3. 0 ordinary 2. 0 to 2. 99 2. 0 Low 1. 0 to 1. 99 1. 0 4. 0 soaring 3. 0 to 4. 0 3. 0 Medium 2. 0 to 2. 99 2. 0 Low 2. 0 to 1. 99 1. 0 3. 0 to 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 to 2. 99 2. 0 1. 0 to 1. 99 1. 0 3. 0 to 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 to 2. 99 2. 0 1. 0 to 1. 99 1. 0 Grow and arrive atGrow and build I 2. 57, 3. 14 2. 57, 3. 14 II III IV Hold and keep up Hold and Maintain V VI VII VIII Harvest or rifle Harvest or Divest IX EFE Total heavinessed Scores EFE Total Weighted Scores Division Revenues (millions) Percent Revenues Profit (millions) Percent Profit IFE Scores EFE Scores Company $ 42,201 100% $ 2,901 100% 2. 57 3. 14 Kraft Foods Co. is in the Grow and Build position which mean that its internal strengths are on the average and solution to the external factors are on the higher up average.This mode that Kraft can proceed in doing intensive and integrative strategies as betokened by the IE Matrix. e. appalling Strategy (GS) Matrix Rapid Market Growth Rapid Market Growth Table 8. GS Matrix for Kraft Foods Inc. Quadrant II Quadrant I 1. Market ou tgrowth 2. Market discernment 3. Product outgrowth 4. Forward consolidation 5. Backward Integration 6. Horizontal Integration 7. Related Diversification Quadrant III Quadrant IV Strong Competitive Position Strong Competitive Position Weak Competitive Position Weak Competitive Position Slow Market GrowthSlow Market Growth Kraft Foods Inc. falls under Quadrant I which is characterized by rapid market growth and strong competitive position. For Kraft Foods Inc. it would be ruff for them to continue their meanness on their contemporary markets and strategies that would be exceed to use are market penetration and market winment as suggested forward in the other matrixes. If Kraft Foods is too intemperately committed to a iodine product, then related diversification may reduce the risks associated with a undertake product line. g. Functional areas of the firm MarketingKrafts management performed an international consumer survey to determine if consumers were alive(predicate) of the product quality and whether they were receptive to Krafts product quality. later receiving a favorable survey response, KFI decided to produce an adaptive, revitalization, and business acquisition marketing campaign made-to-order for specific foreign markets. An formation can make a creditable business case for product adjustment when the product modification develops into higher revenues and profits. Krafts product brand managers developed ways and methods to revitalize existing food products to sell in foreign markets.The brand managers revisited products that were more than 35 years old and better them by positioning the products as mild, hot, or red-hot and microwavable. Consequently, product revitalization influenced consumer behaviors. Shortly after product revitalization, the initial response occurred when new customers became enticed by the repositioned products and young consumers became interested in Kraft products. Finance At Kraft, exchange is king When Kra ft Foods needed to cut costs and free people up hard currency, its supply concatenation organization rose to the argufy.Better inventory turnover played a leading role in boosting currency flow by 20 percent. If the company could make just the right amount of goods for a market and get them quickly into the hands of the consumer, it would speed up the cycle for converting products to cash. The relationship between inventory and cash flow put Krafts supply chain organization front and center in the multiyear project. Research, growing fibre When it comes to bold thinking, Research, Development Quality is the place to be exciting new tastes. Packaging that extends the shelf life of our products and is biodegradable.State-of-the-art machinery. Thats the kind of thing were aiming for. And what we come up with. Kraft Foods RD center on At Kraft Foods, we have been focusing on inventing delicious foods and improving life quality. Thus we genuinely invite the best RD ply and es tablish 6 RD centers in world. All of our professional intimacy in nutrition and food safety allow us to promote product research and development, bringing the best technologies and products to benefit people all over the world. Kraft Foods world-wide RD center located in Glenview, Illinois, has established professional labs for hemical and flavor analysis. We attract excellent RD modules and provide strong technique supports of product development for North America and other areas in global. We believe innovation is a journey. In 2010, Kraft Foods China launched a strong furrow of innovative products including OREO Ice Cream sea tangle and Mini-snack biscuits. Pacific Whole Grain is the first real whole grain biscuit on the market that has enjoyed great success among Chinese consumers. Production/operation Kraft Foods Inc. is a holding company, our principal source of funds is from our subsidiaries.Our wholly owned subsidiaries currently are not limited by long-term debt or other agreements in their ability to pay cash dividends or make other distributions with respect to their common stock. Reportable Segments We manage and report operating results through troika geographic units Kraft Foods North America, Kraft Foods Europe and Kraft Foods Developing Markets. We manage the operations of Kraft Foods North America and Kraft Foods Europe by product category, and we manage the operations of Kraft Foods Developing Markets by location. Our reportable segments are U. S. Beverages, U. S. Cheese, U. S. well-to-do Meals, U.S. Grocery, U. S. Snacks, Canada North America Foodservice, Kraft Foods Europe (formerly known as European Union) and Kraft Foods Developing Markets. We transitioned our European Biscuit, Chocolate, Coffee and Cheese categories to fully integrated business units, further strengthening our focus on these core categories. To ensure decisions are made faster and enveloping(prenominal) to our customers and consumers, each category is fully accountable for its financial results, including marketing, manufacturing and RD. household lead, based in Zurich, Switzerland, reports to the Kraft Foods Europe President.These business units now comprise the Kraft Foods Europe segment. teaching Systems Innovation can only happen if weve got the infrastructure to support it. And everything we do, every second gear of the day, relies on having the right technology and information forthwith available. Information Systems are the key. But they do much more than just answer helpdesk calls and fix our computers. Information Systems also invent neat solutions to our proficient problems, and work out what systems and equipment we need to support our ideas. Chapter III STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION A. EXECUTIVE DECISION RESPONSIBILITIESKey decisions at Kraft are made by the quest three organizations Global Marketing and socio-economic class Development commercialized Units Functional Areas Global Marketing and Category Development is responsible for decisions on global category strategies, new product growth platforms and marketing excellence. Commercial Units are responsible for determining the marketing and sales programs that best meet the needs of local consumers and customers, with profit and loss responsibility for the results. Functional Areas are strongly aligned and linked to the Global Marketing Category Development group and the two commercial units.The functions are centers for excellence, with responsibility for identifying and sharing best practices and using Krafts global scale to best advantage. The leaders within these organizations all report directly to the CEO. The leaders are Global Marketing and Category Development EVP, Global Marketing Resources Initiatives EVP, Global Category Development Commercial Units President, North America Commercial President, internationalistic Commercial Functional Areas EVP, Global Corporate affairs EVP Chief Financial Officer EVP, Global forg iving Resources EVP, General Counsel Corporate Secretary EVP, Global Strategy stemma Development EVP Chief Information Officer EVP, Global Technology Quality EVP, Global Supply Chai B. EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT SUCCESSION executive director director development at Kraft takes place on the job. Unlike other companies where executive development takes place in an academic setting, Kraft creates management opportunities on the job for its employees. Beginning even with their earliest assignments, young managers are expected to demonstrate an ability to carry responsibility and sophisticated thinking thats commonly reserved for top tier executives at other companies. As managers ascend the ranks, Kraft encourages them to develop leadership skills such as creativity, the power to persuade and influence, and the willingness to take risks. Kraft gives its young managers broad authority that helps to challenge themselves and spur their leadership skills. Each function within Kr aft has an Advancement Planning Policy in place. This policy provides the guidelines for identifying replacements for executives. Generally, there are two to three potential replacements already identified for any executive in case he or she leaves the company.C. INSIDERS VIEW ON KRAFT CULTURE Insiders have commented that Kraft is very diverse and that they have many qualified minorities in management positions. Even though working at Kraft is stressful, insiders have commented that many people enjoy working there. However, insiders have also commented that morale is low due to layoffs and the resultant sullen workloads on the remaining employees. There have also been comments made that employees from acquired companies suffer from low morale because of fuss in adjusting to Kraft culture.Chapter IV STRATEGY paygrade Table 8. Balance Scorecard for Kraft Foods Inc. GOALS STRATEGIES MEASURES cartridge clip COMPLETION Customer Perspective Provide quality products for all custom ers Product Development Developing quality products such as low fat and less cholesterol Immediately after 2013 Internal seam Process More efficient internal subordination Semi-centralization of the organization A main branch per areas which controls other branches 4th quarter 2007-2008 Financial perspective progression of 2011, 2012, and 2013 revenue target Having a large share in the global economy Using effective marketing and extensive product developmentCutting cost if doable 3rd quarter 2013 Learning and growth Increase industry awareness regarding service in other country. Development of intensive training program for human resources Intensify marketing promotionsOffering seminars that will enhance skills in communicating and decision-making Use the partner companys expertise regarding the marketability of the countryIncrease of effectiveness and efficiency of skill performance 2nd -3rd quarter 2014Immediately after 2013As an valuation tool, the balanced scorecar d shows the various selected key strategies on aspects of consumer perspective, interval business processes, financial perspective and instruction growth. A set of quantitative measures has been enumerated for each dodge to enable the company to monitor progress or strategy attainment on a secureness basis and review whether these need to be changed or revised SUMMARY Kraft Foods remains to be competitive enough although its global market share is not that high but its growth rate in industry is high enough to cover the market.The company must pursue an intensive strategy to strengthen the company and meet its goals in the industry. Its domesticated market share is high and highly competitive in the industry, but because of fast growing market, Kraft is required to have a huge investment to maintain their lead. Kraft Foods Co. internal strengths are on the average and response to the external factors are on the above average. This means that Kraft can proceed in doing intensive a nd integrative strategies as suggested by the I/E Matrix. For Kraft Foods Inc. t would be best for them to continue their concentration on their current markets and strategies that would be best to use are market penetration and market development as suggested earlier in the other matrixes. If Kraft Foods is too heavily committed to a single product, then related diversification may reduce the risks associated with a narrow product line. CONCLUSION Food industry is one of the fast growing industries ever since it started to appearin the global market. United States is the home where leading food companies areprincipallylocated.Indeedtheadvance proficientadaptationinthis country led the food industry to become innovative and more eager to develop new products as time goes by. The challenge in this industry is the tough competition of the various companies belong in the same industry. On how they could penetrate the market and what would be their advantage over theircompetitor. Kraft Foods is one of the companies belonging in this category. It can achieve its leadership and growth by doing intensive promotion and management of its existing clients and venturing other countries to promote business. RECOMMENDATONSRECOMMENDED REVISE organizational STRUCTURE. The organizational structure of the company is fully a centralized one. It is only compose of the top executives of the company. We suggest the that company develop a line and staff structure wherein the middle and lower level of the organization is seen and have a direct communication in terms of decision making and finding solutions to the problems both on top to lower level management. RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES Upon the using the matrixes presented, the following are the recommended strategies that Kraft Foods Inc. should use. Market Penetration Increase advertising expenditures and specifically target the household population. Offer extensive sales promotion during peak season and creating bonus packages. Dec rease the cost of the product if it would be possible so that buyers will be attracted to patronize it. Product Development Developproductscontaininglowfatandcaloriesforthosehealthconscious individuals. Developconfectionaryproductsthataresugarfreetoattractretiringindividuals. Package products that are inter-related Improve technological systems, especially theonlineshoppingcenter formothers at home.BIBLIOGRAPHY http//www. kraftfoodscompany. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/pdf/KFT_RDQ_Innovatio n_Investments_FactSheet. pdf http//www. kraftfoodscompany. com http//www. Kraft. com http//www. Krafts Cadbury heap May Force Cocoa Consolidation, Moneynews. com http//www. scribd. com/doc/77538204/Kraft-Matrixes http//www. management480. wikispaces. com/file/view/Kraft. ppt http//www. mondelezinternational. com/ph/en/home/index. aspx course VITAE JENEVA V. VICENTE Rizal East, San Isidro, Isabela energetic No. 09358723111 - EDUCATIONAL context TERTIARYBS in Business presidentship Major in vi gilance Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYSan Isidro study High teach San Isidro, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYSan Isidro West of import give lessons San Isidro, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005 face-to-face information experience of deliverMarch 9, 1993 advance19 civilized posture wholeness sexuality female tip5 Weight45 kgs. religionPentecostal Christian home(a)ityFilipino speech verbaliseTagalog, side I hereby take the stand that the above information is full-strength and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Jeneva V.Vicente JOANA MARIE S. MARQUEZ Mabini,Alicia, Isabela Mobile No. 09267907457 - EDUCATIONAL ambit * TERTIARYBS in Business regime Major in charge Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYAlicia National High schooling Paddad, Alicia, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYMabini unsophisticated School Mabini, Alicia, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005 in the fles h(predicate) info interpret of nascenceMarch 30, 1993 Age19 well-bred positioningSingle Gender pistillate summit meeting51 Weight48 kgs. trustroman type Catholic NationalityFilipinowords SpokenTagalog, English I hereby recognize that the above information is true(p) and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Joana Marie S. Marquez Reila A. Abenojar Rizal East, San Isidro, Isabela Mobile No. 09358194873 - EDUCATIONAL understate * TERTIARYBS in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYSan Isidro National High School San Isidro, Isabela S. Y. 2006-2007 * PRIMARYSan Isidro West Central School San Isidro, Isabela S. Y. 2002-2003 PERSONAL DATADate of BirthJuly 20, 1990 Age22 Civil StatusSingle Gender distaff Height5 Weight40 kgs. pietismMethodist NationalityFilipino vocabulary SpokenTagalog, English I hereby back that the above information is true and correct to the best of my kno wledge and belief. Reila A. Abenojar Angela V. Almolanida San Fabian, Echague, Isabela Mobile No. 09068334307 - EDUCATIONAL solid ground * TERTIARYBS in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYEchague National High SchoolSan Fabian, Echague, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYBanaba Elementary School Banaba, Dapdap, Bamban, Tarlac S. Y. 2004-2005 PERSONAL DATA Date of BirthOctober 21, 1992 Age19 Civil StatusSingle GenderFemale Height52 Weight40 kgs. ReligionRoman Catholic NationalityFilipino phrase SpokenTagalog, English I hereby plump for that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Angela Almolanida Joylyn M. Adop Catabban, Burgos, Isabela Mobile No. 09359504631 - EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND * TERTIARYBS in Business AdministrationMajor in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYDona break of the day National High School Sta. Rita, Aurora, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYCatabban Elementary School Catabban, Burgos, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005 PERSONAL DATA Date of BirthFebruary 22, 1993 Age19 Civil StatusSingle GenderFemale Height53 Weight48 kgs. ReligionBorn Again Christian NationalityFilipino Language SpokenTagalog, English I hereby recognize that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Joylyn M. Adop Gaymarie A. FelipeBagong Tanza, Aurora, Isabela Mobile No. 09359029090 - EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND * TERTIARYBS in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYDona Aurora National High School Sta. Rita, Aurora, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYBagong Tanza Elementary School Bagong Tanza, Aurora, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005 PERSONAL DATA Date of BirthSeptember 26, 1992 Age20 Civil StatusSingle GenderFemale Height54 Weight58 kgs. Religionlatter-day Saints Nationalit yFilipinoLanguage SpokenTagalog, English I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Gaymarie A. Felipe Ryan A. Darang Silauan Sur, Echague, Isabela Mobile No. 09352083261 - EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND * TERTIARYBS in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYEchague National High School San Fabian, Echague, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYEchague West Central School San Fabian, Echague, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005PERSONAL DATA Date of BirthNovember 23, 1992 Age19 Civil StatusSingle GenderFemale Height56 Weight55 kgs. ReligionBorn Again Christian NationalityFilipino Language SpokenTagalog, English I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Ryan A. Darang Vic Rodriguez Catabban, Burgos, Isabela Mobile No. 09359504631 - EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND * TERTIARYBS in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela SECONDARYDona Aurora National High School Sta. Rita, Aurora, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYCatabban Elementary School Catabban, Burgos, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005 PERSONAL DATA Date of BirthFebruary 22, 1993 Age19 Civil StatusSingle GenderFemale Height53 Weight48 kgs. ReligionPentecostal Christian NationalityFilipino Language SpokenTagalog, English I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Vic Rodriguez Fernando Ramos Catabban, Burgos, Isabela Mobile No. 09359504631 - EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TERTIARYBS in Business Administration Major in Management Accounting Isabela State University Echague San Fabian, Echague, Isabela * SECONDARYDona Aurora National High School Sta. Rita, Aurora, Isabela S. Y. 2008-2009 * PRIMARYCatabban Elementary School Catabban, Burgos, Isabela S. Y. 2004-2005 PERSONAL DATA Date of BirthFebruary 22, 1993 Age19 Civ il StatusSingle GenderFemale Height53 Weight48 kgs. ReligionPentecostal Christian NationalityFilipino Language SpokenTagalog, English I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Fernando Ramos