Descartes And Hume Essay - 545 Words

There are three ways in which one is able to find truth: through reason (A is A), by utilizing the senses (paper burns) or by faith (God is all loving). As the period of the Renaissance came to a close, the popular paradigm for philosophers shifted from faith to reason and finally settling on the senses. Thinkers began to challenge authorities, including great teachers such as Aristotle and Plato, and through skepticism the modern world began. The French philosopher, Renà © Descartes who implemented reason to find truth, as well as the British empiricist David Hume with his usage of analytic-synthetic distinction, most effectively utilized the practices of skepticism in the modern world. Renà © Descartes was the first philosopher to†¦show more content†¦For in Descartes terms, it was plausible to doubt that one has a body, but impossible to doubt the existence of one’s mind; therefore â€Å"†¦self and mind must be identical† (Palmer 162). Hume on the other hand, took a different approach to the idea of self. He believed that there in fact was no such thing as selfhood. Instead he asserts that â€Å"it must be some one impression, that gives rise to every real idea. But self†¦is not any one impression, but that to which our several impressions and ideas are supposed to have a reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (597). By this he implies that in order to form concrete ideas, ones impressions of pain, pleasure, joy, etc. must be invariable throughout time. This, Hume states, we know without a doubt to be impossible. Passions succeed each other over time and give rise to new passions, therefore â€Å"†¦it cannot be from any of these impressions†¦that the idea of self is derived, and consequently there is no such idea† (597). Although like Descartes, Hume practiced the art of radical skepticism, he felt that if he could not utilize his senses to prove something it was meaningless. Hume continued development of Leibniz’s analytical-synthetic distinction, or in Hume’s words â€Å"†¦a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact† (Palmer 197). Analytical propositions are true by definition and are a priori, and therefore necessarily true. Synthetic propositions are not true byShow MoreRelatedThe Contributions Of Descartes And Hume3394 Words   |  14 PagesThe contributions of Descartes and Hume towards the issue of establishing: the existence of God Introduction: Arguments for and against the existence of god have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists and others for thousands of years. In Philosophy, these arguments involve primarily the disciplines of Epistemology and Ontology and can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective. The epistemic arguments place different restrictions on our ability have knowledgeRead MoreDescartes vs. Hume Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesRene Descartes, a rationalist, said that each person contains the criteria for truth and knowledge in them. Finding truth and knowledge comes from the individual themselves, not necessarily from God. Descartes also believed that reason is the same for every single person. Descartes believed that nothing could be true unless we as humans could perceive it. He also believed that you could break down things into smaller simpler parts. Descartes also believed that there was a relationship betweenRead MoreDescartes v Hume Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished by sensual experience: touch, taste, smell, et al. Rene Descartes, a philosopher and rationalist concluded that one self was merely a continuous awareness of one’s own existence; one’s substance was one’s ability to think. On the other hand, David Hume, an empiricist refuted Descartes conclusion and claimed that the concept of self was nonsense, the idea could not be linked to any sensual experience. Ultimately, Hume concluded that there was no such thing as self, i.e. self does not actuallyRead MoreDescartes, Hume and Skepticism Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesDescartes, Hume and Skepticism Descartes is responsible for the skepticism that has been labeled Cartesian doubt. Hume critiques this skepticism in his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. After his discussion of Cartesian doubt, he offers a different type of skepticism that he considers as being more effective philosophically. Is Hume right in his characterization of Cartesian doubt and is the skepticism he offers better? Descartes introduced the idea of universal doubt to philosophy. IfRead MoreSimilarities Between Descartes And Hume1627 Words   |  7 Pageshow we gain our knowledge. Renee Descartes is often known as the father of modern philosophy. He was also a mathematician and scientist. He developed the coordinate system, explained blood circulation and rainbows. He also discovered how the earth orbits the sun. He is a rationalist about knowledge. (Pismenny, 2016) This means that he believes we can gain knowledge through our minds. He argues that you do not need to have experience of something to know it. David Hume, another philosopher, is an empiricistRead MoreDavid Hume And Rene Descartes1816 Words   |  8 Pagesour perceptions, and memory. Well-known philosophers, David Hume and Rene Descartes are some of the individuals who searched for an answer and definition of personal identity. Both considered the perceptions of their mind and came up with two different conclusions. One stating th at personal identity in unintelligible, and the other confirming that what makes one certain of their existence is their ability to think and perceive. David Hume begins his discussion of personal identity by denying thatRead MoreRene Descartes And Hume Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagesmost influential metaphysicians of this millennium are Rà ©ne Descartes and David Hume, who both offered varying opinions on matters relating to consciousness, the self, and personal identity. Despite holding consistent viewpoints on some factors of the aforementioned, their contrasting perspectives provide additional insight into the essence of human existence. In his most notable work, â€Å"Meditations On First Philosophy†{1641}, Rà ©ne Descartes attempts to disprove skeptics who say that an individual simplyRead More Hume And Descartes On The Theory Of Ideas Essay619 Words   |  3 Pages Hume and Descartes on The Theory of Ideas nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;David Hume and Rene Descartes are philosophers with opposing views about the origination of ideas. Descartes believed there were three types of ideas which are, innate, adventitious and those from imagination. He stated since he exists and his idea of what a perfect being is, such as God, then God exists. Hume, on the other had, believed ideas came only from one thing, impressions. Both theories have their strengths and weaknessesRead MoreIdeas of Descartes, Plato, and Hume Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesIdeas of Descartes, Plato, and Hume The immediate starting-point of Platos philosophical speculation was the Socratic teaching. In his attempt to define the conditions of knowledge so as to refute sophistic skepticism, Socrates had taught that the only true knowledge is a knowledge by means of concepts. The concept, he said, represents all the reality of a thing. As used by Socrates, this was merely a principle of knowledge. Plato took it up as a principle of Being. â€Å"If the conceptRead MoreDescartes and Hume: A Look at Skepticism and Finding Stability915 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes was a skeptic, and thus he believed that in order for something to be considered a true piece of knowledge, that â€Å"knowledge must have a certain stability,† (Cottingham 21). In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes concludes that in order to achieve this stability, he must start at the foundations for all of his opinions and find the basis of doubt in each of them. David Hume, however, holds a different position on skepticism in his work An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding

Reflective Journal Assignment Free Essays

string(98) " Many views of differentiation are teacher-centric, viewing the process as created by he teacher\." Reflect on your portfolio of professional development in order to demonstrate how your practice has developed across the year. BY PhDKaur Reflective Journal Assignment 3 i) Reflect on your portfolio of professional development in order to demonstrate how your practice has developed across the year. it) Reflect on the GTC research ‘How does collaborative Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for teachers of the 5-16 age range affect teaching and learning? † Reflect on the role of the professional teacher in the light of the GTC professional standards and the National Standards for Qualified Teacher Status. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Journal Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now You should link this paper to reading on teacher professionalism and opportunities for professional development. Professional Tutor: word count: 2000 Part 1 Introduction The challenge of achieving progression for a group of students, each representing individual learning backgrounds and different levels of ability, has been an area of considerable professional development. If students are expected to make different rates of progress, then their experiences in the classroom must be tailored to their individual learning n pupil learning. Thus, differentiation arguably nas the greatest impact on My teaching groups represent a diverse range of abilities and needs including English as an additional language (EAL), disabilities, or academic talent. Differentiation is synonymous with the umbrella term ‘personalised strategies for learning’ and encompasses Assessment for Learning (AFL) and inclusion. Convery and Coyle (1993) demonstrate the significance of differentiation as the entitlement of every learner to have his/her individual needs and abilities catered for, and the teacher’s responsibility to find effective ways of managing those needs matching them to appropriate teaching and learning styles. However within the current education system, individualised learning for all in a class of 30 pupils is compounded by inadequate behaviour for learning and constrained resources. Professional development My initial perception of the purposes and strategies of differentiation consisted of an expectation that all learners were expected to achieve the highest levelled learning objective, through a system of differentiated instruction. I struggled to understand what differentiation meant in practice and where it aligned with my personal perspectives of education and classroom values. The lack of clarity around regarding my expectations of differentiation meant that although I planned for progression in lessons, I failed to appreciate its value in learning for the individuals in the class. In practice, differentiating by outcome involved whole-class activities, with prior assessment data determining pupils’ individual targets. Pupils expected to achieve the ‘most’ learning outcomes did not, as I focused on supporting pupils of lower ability, thus different groups of pupils did not make sufficient progress. The dynamic model of learning processes (O’Brien and Guiney, 2001) greatly nfluenced my philosophical and professional perspectives of differentiation. This 3D model encompasses a holistic view of the learning process, where pedagogical, emotional and cognitive factors must be synthesised in order to enable the learner to develop autonomy and self-awareness. The model states that differentiation should not be construed for pupils with SEN, nor should it be a purely reactive response, with teachers intervening when learners experience difficulty. I adopted the model as a framework for my planning, a key strength being the goal in achieving autonomy for the learner, as differentiation targets the development of elf-awareness. In practice this meant providing challenge and choice-making opportunities, through problem-solving activities, questioning knowledge as objective truth and reflecting upon the answers that students can or cannot give when confronted by uncertainty. The model suggests that questioning their own beliefs is most likely to be achieved through interaction with others, a beneficial approach as the pupils at Highbridge Academy needed to develop social skills such as team work. Shitting my tocus trom a ‘pupil-labour premium’ mindset to gauge the success ot learning activities i. e. he pupils were able to achieve the task set, towards an attitude whereby I consciously planned the development of pupils’ self-awareness was a crucial step in my professional development. An example of where this belief was put into practice was a lesson developing the concept of density with a Year 7 group. Students were given a list of possible activities they could complete to learn about density. The activities included: using a water table to explore properties of various objects, measuring the volume and mass of objects and calculating their density, reading about density in the textbook and watching a video showing density xperiments. The activities were based on visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, and tactile learning styles. Students had to choose and complete a minimum of two activities, from two different learning styles. These ‘choice boards’ were organized so that students chose options focusing on several different skills. Reflecting upon the lesson it was clear that the ‘buzz’ created in the classroom was not entirely due to the novelty of the lesson format but due to the structured activities encouraging independence and self-realisation of their own skills. Some pupils, whose prior data indicated they would not achieve the higher level learning bjectives, were able to achieve higher levels than expected. The following lesson, I used a similar format, grouping pupils together and observed that many pupils naturally gravitated towards certain roles (e. g. recording, observing, organising). In order to develop team-work skills and awareness of how teams work it was important that I made pupils aware of these roles, especially those that did not come naturally to them. The creation of an environment involving mutual support of each other’s learning was a turning point in shaping my classroom culture. Upon reflection it is obvious that this insight required me to move onto less didactic ethods of teaching. Schon (1983) values the capacity of teachers to ‘step away and undertake ‘reflection-on-practice’, enabling teachers to gain confidence and intuitively respond to needs by reflecting. Following a series of ‘choice board’ lessons in the 7K Forces unit I consciously planned activities which encompassed the wider skills, knowledge and understanding of science and pupils’ learning experience. Thus my view of differentiation developed to encompass a long-term goal of enabling pupils to become confident, self-aware learners. Conclusion Many views of differentiation are teacher-centric, viewing the process as created by he teacher. You read "Reflective Journal Assignment" in category "Papers" My study of Wgotskys zone of proximal development (the gap between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with peers) reinforced the need to plan the teacher-student dialogue in order to focus on emerging skills and abilities and to give students control in shaping their learning experiences. (Ugotsky, 1962). The teacher- student relationship and the pedagogical environment created, shape the quality ot learning experiences for the learner, now and in their future. My experience shows hat responding to learner’s needs intuitively is a key component of AFL and differentiation. Differentiation should not be considered a concession to lesson planning, but underpin an entire teaching approach. It is equally the responsibility of the pupil and the teacher, as pupils must be prepared to identify when they need support in their learning to become independent learners. However, in order to contribute to the end of having learners become self-determining members of their community at the levels they are most capable of achieving, then they require opportunities to exercise choice in their learning choices. art 2 The GTCE’s 8 codes of professional practice highlight a series of aims that distinguish the teaching profession’ (GTCE professional standards, 2009). Initially, I associated being a professional with a pre-determined product and brand image than with pedagogy. My superficial interpretation of teacher professionalism comprise d of adopting behaviours in accordance with a ‘paradigm’ of teaching that I assumed was expected from me from my peers and mentors. The QTS standards were a reference guide but provided a purely mechanistic outline of accomplishments validating my aptitude to teach. Current research regarding effective CPD Researching other viewpoints of professionalism and my experiences over the training year has shaped my professional ideologies and perspectives. Fundamentally, teaching centres on the concept of the ‘reflective practitioner’. Schon (1983) called it the knowledge acquired through ‘reflection in action’, and my experiences have highlighted four essential characteristics: competence, craft, collaboration, and continual reflection. These are reflected within my goals, abilities, standards and the development of the these qualities will directly impact the effectiveness of my teaching, Pratte and Rury (1991, p. 2) defined teaching as ‘a craft profession, built on a conscience of craft, rather than a conventional ideal of professionalism’. They argued that teachers need embodied knowledge to perform their Jobs, ‘something that they learn by doing and that is experientially learned, rather than acquired in a systematic, highly formal fashion’. However, research has shown there should be a personal entitlement to professional development throughout a teacher’s career, one that is not link 2005). ed solely to school targets but personalised and structured (Cordingley The use of the term ‘reflective practitioner’ logically entails that CPD must also be ooted in extended reflection. However, Schools often rely on ‘one-off workshops to achieve these aims, a shortcoming highlighted in an Ofsted 2009 CPD report. These approaches to CPD appear insufficient to foster learning which fundamentally alters what teachers teach or how they teach (Boyle, Lamprianou and Boyle, 2005). To support effective CPD and to ensure that acquired knowledge and skills are consolidated, implemented and shared with other teachers, research advocates collaborative CPD programmes. Sharing the expertise, knowledge and skills of teachers in the same school, in other schools and using consultants to provide in- chool programmes of support can tackle specific needs (Ofsted, 2009). Levin and Rock (2003) claim that teachers involved in collaborative CPD can become more reflective, critical and analytical when they think about their teaching style in the classroom. Little (1993) lists four categories of professional interaction that builds a culture of learning in practice where teachers: Engage in focused discussions about teaching and learning Observe and evaluate the teaching of their colleagues Engage in collaborative planning and design of lessons Actively teach each other and take leadership roles offering workshops This distinguishes a professional culture, where it is the responsibility of the community administrators to assure quality of the teaching staff, from that of a bureaucratic culture where administers are responsible. One of my professional goals is to strive for innovation in my practice. Collaborative CPD has been shown to foster an environment of active risk-taking where teachers try new ways of working, moving beyond the safe and familiar’ (Humes 2001). This can often be stressful when confidence is undermined by a lack of experience. Cordingley et al. (2005) suggested collaboration provided ‘moral support to teachers s they work through making difficult changes’. In order to adapt and learn from experience, essential for developing the capacity to bring about purposeful change, higher order thinking is required. Resnick (1987; cited in Land and Jonassen 2008) stresses the importance of the social setting to cultivate the disposition to engage in metacognitive strategies, closely aligned to Wenger’s (2007) concept of a ‘community of practice’ a notion of teachers’ adapting and learning from experiences gained through the actual practice of teaching and their mutual involvement in ‘study groups’. Such study groups would encourage risk- taking and provide an effective locus for learning about and inquiring into the teaching of thinking and related topics (what Shulman and Sherin (2004) refer to as a ‘big idea’). Cordingley et al. ) recommend the use ot research literature as a springboard for experimentation within CPD groups carrying out exploratory lesson planning. This promotes understanding and use of the relationship between abstract theoretical knowledge and experiential knowledge gained through direct classroom experience. Crucially, t his ‘big idea’ connects to the broader professional concerns and rofessional lives of teachers. It provides a platform where teachers can become more knowledgeable about the theory and practice of learning and teaching, motivation, and contemporary issues in education beyond their academic obligations of the PGCE. Additionally, teachers maintain an awareness of educational matters beyond the immediate scope of teaching. In light of this research and my experiences I have identified the following key areas for professional development next year. Firstly, I will develop self-evaluation, observation and peer review skills, professional dialogue and feedback. Secondly I ill dedicate an hour a week to reading professional Journals and texts. This can have very beneficial results, especially if what is read is reflected on in peer discussion. Thirdly I will focus on developing resources with colleagues, which should guard against isolation and repetition of ideas and work. I believe researching existing effective practice will help me as an NQT, to keep an eye on the wider world of education. In conclusion, effective CPD requires structured, peer-centric reflection. This does not depend solely on the school’s provision but my own efforts in reviewing my progress and targets throughout the formative NQT year. How to cite Reflective Journal Assignment, Essays

Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction: Patient centered theory is one of the popular theories of nursing. The theory was developed by Abdellah Faye who in 1960, came up with the idea of the 21nursing problems. According to this theory, a nurse should be at the fore front of delivering holistic care to the patients (Alligood, 2014). The nurse should be ready to use the skills to solve the problems faced by the patient. In her analysis, Faye identified various problems that patients face on day to day basis. Some of the major challenges include personal hygiene; regulatory functions; physical activity; safety; electrolyte balance; sensory functions; body mechanics; oxygen supply; elimination; nutrition; negative feelings; interpersonal relationship; communication; self awareness; therapeutic environment; and personal spiritual goals. These are the problems that the nurse should try to resolve because if ignored, can negatively impact on the health of the patient (Deane Fain, 2015). The theory of patient-centeredness is relevant in nursing. It can be applied by a nurse to provide care to the patient. Patient-centeredness is one of the most effective strategies in nursing care. It should be applied by the nurses to serve the patients. As clearly outlined by Faye, the nurse should be actively involved in empowering and assisting the patient to improve the quality of life. To do this, the nurse should take all the necessary measures to resolve the patients problems. This can be done by following a well-outlined procedure. After identifying the patients problems, the nurse should go ahead to formulate and test the hypothesis before collecting, analyzing data and eventually generating feasible conclusions (Harris, Mayo, Balas, Aaron Buron, 2013). If this procedure is followed, the nurse will definitely succeed in resolving the patients problem and improving the health condition. Personally, I have been applying the theory of patient-centeredness when attending to my clients. I strongly believe in the ideas of Faye because they are relevant and can greatly impact on the patients health is properly applied. This is why I have been doing my best to provide individualized care that is tailored towards satisfying the needs of my patients. When doing this, I take my time to analyze the patients, listen to them, and collect all the necessary information that can enable me to have a deeper understanding of the situation (Aronowitz Fawcett, 2016). After doing all these, I use my critical and creative mind to arrive at a reasonable conclusion. This is how I have been successfully helping my patients to solve the problems facing them. I would like to give an example of Maria, the patient whom I attended to in February, 2016. Maria came to the hospital when I was on duty. She came for a breast cancer diagnosis because she had been instructed by her GP to seek for immediate assessment to determine if the lump in her breast could have caused a cancer. Before the test, Maria told me that she is a 32-year old single mother of 1 daughter. She is employed and works hard because she is the sole provider of her small family. She looked worried because she was not assured of her test results. After the test, she was diagnosed with stage one breast cancer. This caused lots of stress to the patient. She had a feeling that she would lose her job, lose money in treatment, die prematurely, and leave her daughter in agony. In order to help Maria to deal with the situation, I had to apply Fayes principles of problem solving. I had to be a real problem solver who can bring hope to a troubled patient. So, I had to offer her physical and psychological treatment. I knew that this would be a necessary thong to do because it would enable her to deal with her situation (Raingruber, 2014). This strategy was successful because the patient finally recovered and because her condition has been successfully managed. She is no longer stressed. Problem solving, critical thing, and creative thinking are some of the fundamental skills in nursing. Nursing is a challenging discipline that requires all practitioners to be equipped with such skills. A nurse who poses these competencies can be effective in delivering quality and satisfactory healthcare services to the patients (DiCenso, Cullum Ciliska, 2011). Despite their role in nursing, problem solving, critical thinking, and creative thinking have lots of differences. Problem solving refers to the process of finding a resolution to a challenge or complex issue that might arise at any given time. It is a very important skill that is always used in nursing. As already highlighted, nursing is quite challenging because it has a lot of complex issues that need to be addressed at all times. Therefore, it can be better if a nurse knows how to deal with any situation no matter how complicated it might be. On the other hand, critical thinking is an intelligent and objective evaluation or analysis of a situation. Critical thinking should be done by applying ones experiences, observing and reflecting a situation before arriving at a reasonable conclusion or judgment (McPeck, 2016). It is also an important sill that should be possessed by a nurse. Finally, creative thinking is a process of using a persons imaginations to come up with a new idea to resolve an issue at hand. It is also an essential skill that should be possessed by nurses because it can enable them to make intelligent decisions. Critical and creative thinking differ because cause in critical thinking, there are choices that are used to make decisions. However, in creative thinking, there is no such thing because only fresh ideas are made or created. Creative thinking involves the production of new ideas. Meaning, during creative thinking, an individual is supposed to use imaginative skills to come up with new ideas that can be used in resolving a challenge that needs to be addressed. It requires a high level of novelty and creativity. Besides, unlike in critical thinking, creative thinking requires the generalization of ideas (Kong, et al., 2014). However, in critical thinking, this approach is not used because the person does not have to imagine a lot, but only has to rely on existing ideas, critically analyze and critique them before reaching a conclusion. All in all, critical and creative thinking are problem solving strategies. Their effective use can determine the success for healthcare interventions gi ven to the patients. Problem solving is a fundamental skill in nursing. A nurse who lacks problem solving skills cannot be of any significance to a patient. Whenever discharging their duties, a nurse should be ready to help the patient to deal with the patients problems to be able to help in improving the health condition (McPeck, 2016). Nursing is an organized profession in which all the activities should be carried out using a clearly outlined procedure. Problem solving in nursing should be done by following the following steps: 1) Identification and definition of the problem, 2) assessment of alternatives, 3) choosing of the best alternative, 4) implementation of the recommended alternative, and 5) evaluation of the problem-solving process. These problems should be effectively applied in the nursing process which is also done in the following order: 1) assessment, 2) diagnosis, 3) planning, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation (Melnyk, et al., 2014). As a nurse, I have been engaging in serious decision making processes. Whenever I get a complex situation, I have to use my critical and creative thinking skills to provide reasonable solution to various issues. However, to succeed in all these, I have to apply the appropriate steps and procedures for problem solving and nursing. I take the necessary measures to carry out each activity at the right time. For example, before treating the patient, I have to spare enough time to assess the condition, provide appropriate diagnosis, come up with a care plan, prioritize the needs, and eventually addressed in the right manner (Jones, 2014). Such decisions are only made after critically analyzing the problem, formulating alternative solutions, before coming up with the most viable alternative to adopt while resolving the issue. In order to prove my problem solving prowess, I would like to give an example of Joan. Joan is an Aboriginal patient whom I got a privilege to attend to in February. She was handed over to me to be served during my shift. From her records, Joan is a 37-year old Aboriginal who just lost her job because of her overweight. She had been diagnosed with obesity, High Blood Pressure, diabetes type 2 and apnoea. Therefore, as the presiding nurse, I had to develop a care plan for the patient. I succeeded in doing this because I applied the most suitable nursing and problem solving approaches. After using my observation skills to assess the patients condition, I perfectly applied my critical and creative thinking capabilities to prioritize the needs and effectively addressed them to the satisfaction of the patient (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). Had I not used the skills, I would have failed. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) and the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia are bodies that regulate healthcare professionals in the country. They discharge their regulatory mandate by formulating and enforcing regulations and policies that must be adhered to by the healthcare professionals in the country. However, the major difference between the two bodies is that they have different powers because it depends on the roles and mandate given to them. Whereas the Nursing and Midwifery Board is only concerned about the nurses and midwifes, AHPRA is an overall body that regulates the activities of all the 14 national boards across the nation. It ensures that all the boards use consistent regulations aimed at providing safe care to the general Australian public. The current Continuing professional development (CPD) came into force on June 1, 2016. It states that all the Registered Nurses, Enrolled Nurses and midwifes interested in CPD must have successfully finished at least 20 hours of CPD after registration; or between 5 and 20 hours for the professionals registered less than one year before the renewal of registration. These are the qualifications that must be met by all the practitioners otherwise no approval can be granted. They are all important because they provide the Australians with an opportunity to be served by competent and qualified practitioners who are guided by the ethical codes of conduct and standards governing the profession (Burston Tuckett, 2013). The National Framework for the Development of Decision Making Tools for Nursing and Midwifery is a very important document in Australia. It outlines concepts and principles to help the nursing and midwifery professionals to make rational decisions to satisfy the diverse needs of the health community across the country. Nurses and midwifes are always confronted with challenging situations which require serious and well-thought decisions to be made. However, it should be much better if all the decisions are made in line with well outlined frameworks. This is why the document was developed. Reference can be made to the framework if there is need to make consistent decisions in the profession. If this is done, the practitioners can be empowered to make feasible and well-guided decisions that can enhance quality service delivery (Smith Parker, 2015). This is what all Australians are looking for. Quality standards and accreditation criteria used in the country are very important because they bring sanity to healthcare sector in many ways. First, the standards help in the improvement of quality of healthcare services delivered to the Australian public. High quality standards should always be maintained by the healthcare providers. It can help in ensuring that the patients get safe care that cannot interfere with them in any way, but improve their health status (Donato Segal, 2013). On the other hand, accreditation of programs and practitioners is a brilliant idea because it guarantees competence in service delivery. If only highly trained and qualified professionals are allowed to practice, it is obvious that the Australian public will get a value for the money spent on healthcare (Kangasniemi, Pakkanen Korhonen, 2015). Accreditation is therefore important because it only allows the public to be served by practitioners who are qualified and are guided by the ethical values o f the healthcare profession. References Alligood, M. R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Aronowitz, T., Fawcett, J. (2016). Thoughts About Social Issues: A Neuman Systems Model Perspective. Nursing science quarterly, 29(2), 173-176. Burston, A.S. Tuckett, A.G. (2013). Moral distress in nursing: contributing factors, outcomes and interventions. Nursing Ethics, 20(3), pp.312-324. Deane, W. H., Fain, J. A. (2015). Incorporating Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations to Promote Holistic Communication Between Older Adults and Nursing Students. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 0898010115577975. DiCenso, A.; Cullum, N. Ciliska, D. (2011). Implementing evidence-based nursing: some misconceptions. Evidence Based Nursing 1 (2): 3840. doi:10.1136/ebn.1.2.38. Donato, R. Segal, L. (2013). Does Australia have the appropriate health reform agenda to close the gap in Indigenous health?. Australian Health Review, 37(2), pp.232-238. Fairman, J. A., Rowe, J. W., Hassmiller, S., Shalala, D. E. (2011). Broadening the scope of nursing practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(3), 193-196. Harris, M., Mayo, A., Balas, M. C., Aaron, C. S., Buron, B. (2013). Trends and opportunities in geropsychiatric nursing: Enhancing practice through specialization and interprofessional education. Journal of Nursing Education, 52(6), 317-321. Jones, J. S. (2014). Interpersonal relations in nursing theory. In Theories guiding nursing research and practice (pp. 173-200). New York: Springer. Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P. Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an integrative review. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(8), pp.1744-1757. Kong, L.N., et al., (2014). The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(3), pp.458-469. McPeck, J.E. (2016). Critical thinking and education. New York: Routledge. Melnyk, B. M., et al., (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs. Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing, 11(1), 5-15. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12021. Epub Raingruber, B. (2014). Health promotion theories. Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 53, 53-94. Smith, M. C., Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. New York: FA Davis.

Sons of Liberty free essay sample

The name Sons of Liberty came from a speech given to the British parliament by Colonel Isaac Bare where he referred to the colonials as sons of liberty . The motto of the group was no taxation without representation. The groups first formed in Boston and New York City in the summer Of 1765. The leaders were mostly middle class artisans, traders, lawyers and local politicians although it is widely believed that several influential men like Samuel Adams , Benjamin Des, a printer, and John Gill of the Boston Gazette were behind the steady stream of news and opinions that ere published in the local papers .The newspapers spread the word throughout the colonies and common folk as well the educated and influential were swayed by the reports and editorials, especially those written by Samuel Adams who published under a pen name for the Boston Gazette. Within a year, there were Sons of Liberty organizations in every colony. We will write a custom essay sample on Sons of Liberty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the first well known acts of the Sons of Liberty was the hanging of a likeness of Andrew Oliver, the Distributor of Stamps for Massachusetts, in a tree on Newbury Street. The effigy had a boot with a devil coming out of it. The display was meant to establish an evil connection between Oliver and the Stamp Act .The effigy was beheaded and burned and Olivers house ransacked. Many colonists were appalled by the violence but happy that it was deterring the enforcement of the Stamp Act taxes. Many of the stamp officials fled in fear for their lives. Although the Sons of Liberty were inciting riots and violence, they continued to profess loyalty to the King during the Stamp Act crisis because most of them had a fundamental confidence in the expectation that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax As emissions mounted during the late sasss and early 1 asss, chapters of the Sons of Liberty were everywhere. The intent was to stop the implementation of any of the tax acts imposed on the colonists by Britain. They did this by intimidating British officials and running them out of the cities and towns. The Sons were successful in many situations, with British officials fleeing for their lives. The most famous resistance effort was that of the Boston Tea Party in December of 1773. The Sons put out a formal declaration in New York City which formally stated their opposition to the Tea Act passed by the British parliament.The declaration said that anyone who assisted in helping to enforce the Act was an enemy to the liberties of America and that whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him . To emphasize their intent, members of the Sons dressed as Indians and boarded English ships in the Boston harbor, seized tons of tea and dumped it into the water. The Sons were responsible for resistance movements against British rule in Colonial America on the eve of the Revolution, primarily against what they perceived s unfair taxation and financial limitations imposed upon them by Britain .Through the use of mob rule, tactics of fear, force, intimidation, and violence such as tar and feathering, and the stockpiling of arms, shot, and gun powder, the Sons of Liberty undermined British rule . The Sons of Liberty helped create an atmosphere of nationalism in the colonies. As the Revolutionary War came to an end, most of the groups of Sons of Liberty disbanded and evolved into more formal and qualified Committees of Safety . These committees eventually became the governing body of all of the colonies as he British were expelled. Sons of Liberty free essay sample A good citizen is some who respects others and their property. He/she is helpful and considerate, willing to put others first. He/she listens to the views of others and thinks about what they have to say. He/she helps people who are not in a position to help them. In my opinion the sons of liberty were good citizens because they fought for what was right. The sons of liberty were an underground resistance organization, that was made up of men and women (known as the daughters of liberty) from the New England colonies that protested the acts that the British government put on them.Some out rent members of the organization were Paul revere and Samuel Adams. Most of the members came from middle to upper class families, so they had money. They relied on public demonstrations to get support on their positions against the British government. Mostly nonviolent acts, such as boycotts On taxed goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Sons of Liberty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However they were not above using violence The Sons of liberty sparked a nation into rebelling and overthrowing the government. Americans who felt oppressed by Britain cheered them on, while Loyalists to the crown didnt. In reality, they could be considered terrorists and were actually seen as such by Britain and other countries.This is because they led anarchism. The Sons of Liberty were great citizens of America, because they stood up and fought for what they wanted America to be, which was free. On the other hand, if you get technical about it, they were supposed to be citizens (or loyal) to England, so in that case, no they were not the best citizens of England. Fortunately for the Americans, the sons of liberty were there to support them. To conclude, The Sons of Liberty broke laws and did bad deeds but are considered by me as well as many to be good citizens. This is because they were on the American side and fought for what they wanted America to be free.

Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Example

Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Example Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Physical Characteristics And Origin Of Emerald Essay Emerald is a green assortment of beryl, found in Afghanistan, Brazil, Columbia, Madagascar, Pakistan, Russia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, in either mineral or treasure quality. Emeralds are priced for their coloring material their vivid leafy vegetables, blue-greens and yellow-greens and have for centuries been some of the most sought after treasures in the universe. In 2000 a 10.11 Nutmeg State Columbian emerald was sold for $ 1,149,850. ( Zachovay, 2002 ) . To understand Emerald we need to first understand the physical and chemical construction of Beryl, Be?Al?Si?O? . Emerald coloring material is caused by hint component of Chromium ( Cr ) and /or Vanadium ( V ) replacing the Aluminium ( A ) cubic decimeter in the crystal construction. Fig.1 shows the crystal lattice of emerald in 2D, the dark Grey shows the tetrahedral formation BeO? , the medium Grey shows the octahedral formation AlO? , the visible radiation Grey shows the tetrahedral formation SiO?. ( Groat, L.A. 2007 ) . Emerald can organize as a crystal or as an dross in a host mineral depending on the sum of Be present and environmental factors like temperature, force per unit area, and infinite in which the beryl crystals ( Be3Al2Si6O18 ) have to turn. Physical Features: Emerald assortments of Beryl have a hexangular prismatic wont with pinacoid expiration, sometimes with bypyramidal faces and imperfect basal cleavage. Rectangular etch cavities occur on the prism faces and hexangular etch cavities occur on pinacoids shown severally in Fig.2 and Fig.3. The hardness is 7.5-8 on Moh`s graduated table, the specific gravitation is between 2.65-2.80. Well formed crystals are called euhedral, have recognizable faces and a vitreous luster. Its stamina, lastingness, stableness, vitreous luster, and hardness do Emerald an ideal rock for jewelry. Its animation does non melt off or respond severely to acid, perspiration or day-to-day rinsing liquids. Precaution is needed nevertheless, as emerald is brickle and can fracture on a crisp knock. Coloring material in Emerald. The spread metal ion is the coloring mechanism in Emerald. Transitional elements, Cr and V are drosss in beryl construction and do the ruddy fluorescence that enhances the brightness of the bluish green coloring material. This consequence is suppressed if Fe3+ is present in the emerald crystal. ( Nassau. 1983 ) . Cr and / V besides give emerald its alone soaking up sets in the ruddy country of the electromagnetic spectrum. Beginning: Emerald formation necessitates Be. Harmonizing to Groat L.A. , the procedure of Be formation can be divided into phases as follows: Be bearing stone demands to happen right status for stage alteration ( e.g. liquid or vapor ) and Needs a transit mechanism for mobilization ( otherwise the Be will solidify and the whole procedure starts once more ) . If the silicate thaws in an environment rich with Fluorine ( F ) , Lithium ( Li ) , Boron ( B ) , Phosphorous ( P ) , it can retain the changed stage of Be for transit ( Evensen et al. 1999, London A ; Evensen 2002 ) . To crystallise, the Be, together with Al ( aluminum ) , Si ( Si ) and O ( O ) , needs an unfastened infinite, cleft or pit in pegmatic stone. Be tends to concentrate itself in pegmatites, granites, black shale and their metamorphous equivalent and Cr and / Vare concentrated in dunite, peridotite, and basalt of the pelagic crust and upper mantle, and their metamorphous equivalents. However, high concentrations can besides happen in sedimentary stones, peculiarly black shale. ( Schwarz et al. 2002 ) Be is the forty-seventh most abundant component in the Earth s crust ( Emsley, 2001 ) . The debut of Cr and / V ( severally 92 and 97 ppm in the Earth s crust ) to Be ( 1.4ppm in lower crust, 2.29 ppm in in-between crust, 2.1 ppm in the upper continental crust ) requires unusual geological and geochemical metasomatic procedures such as the invasion of Be rich magmatic fluids or the merger of Be-rich pegmatite minerals with the environing Cr / V sedimentary stone. ( Rudnick A ; Gao 2003 ) This is how Emerald is formed. Other Variables to see: Harmonizing to Barton A ; Young ( 2002 ) Be is necessary to beryl formation. The stableness field of temperature is comparatively broad between 300-6000 with Al2O3 as intermediate. But with really high Al2O3 and really low Al2O3, environments, can take to precipitation of Chrysoberyl ( BeAl2O4 ) or Euclase ( BeAl [ SiO4 ] OH ) and Phenakite ( Be2 [ SiO4 ] ) or Bertrandite ( Be4 [ Si2O7 ] ( OH ) 2 ) . In contrast if the activity for SiO2 is low, other minerals like Chrysoberyl, Phenakite and Bromellite will precipitate . Decision: Beryllium is scarce. Because of Be s little mass extremely sophisticated machines like Scaning Electron Microprobes battle to analyse it accurately. Even with Laser extirpation ICP-MS, SIMS ( Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ) , there is so much Be in the construction that the analysis can be suspected. ( Groat L.A. 2007 ) Be interacting with Cr / V, and Cr / V moving as a chromophore makes the whole procedure interesting and rare, therefore doing an Emerald a valuable rare treasure. Technological promotions are still needed to better understand, the chemical composing, drosss and crystal construction which can take to earth s cardinal geological and geochemical mechanisms. At present apprehension of the authoritative theoretical account of elements and how they interact in geological procedures is flawed. This means the construct of Mother Nature moving as an unfastened beginning, where everything contributes to the one thing or another, is non to the full understood.

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book Do it Well

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book Do it Well How Long Does it Take to Write a Book? The most valuable thing a writer can learn is how long does it take to write a book. And while most sources say it depends, we break it down for you.According to this article that interviewed famous authors, when asked how long it took to produce their debut novels, the answers ranged from four years to a decade. In other words, a very long time.While it’s nice to be able to take your time honing and polishing your new book, a rough draft sitting on your hard drive isn’t doing anything for you. It’s not building your author name, spreading your message, or growing your audience.Moreover, it’s not earning you a single cent.But there is amazing news:Writing your book can take far less time than you think. You just need to have the right mindset and stay motivated.Heres what youll learn about how long it takes to write a book:How to create a deadlinePrioritizing to take less time to write a bookCreate word count goalsFind accountability to write a book faster Set challenges to finish writing your bookHere at Self-Publishing School, our goal is to improve this arduous writing process. Right now, we coach our students to routinely complete a new book in just 90 days, finishing their first draft in as little as 30 days!They are able to accomplish this by following a simple step-by-step guide that were going to share with you today.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereHow long does it take to write a book?Many authors report that it takes up to a year to write a book, but more recently, authors are finishing their books in as little as a month to 90 days. How long it takes to write a book largely depends on how much time the writer puts in to actually writing it, though.The truth about how long it takes to write a book depends on how many words are in it.Heres a guideline for how long it takes to write a book: 30,000 50,000 words: 500 words/day = 60 100 days50,000 80,000 words: 500 words/day = 100 160 days80,000 100,000 words: 500 words/day = 160 200 daysEssentially, the length of time it takes can be anywhere from two months to 7 months depending on how often you write and how many words you write per session.Following the guidelines below, you can learn to supercharge your own book writing process, and you’ll become a published author much faster.How to Write a Book Faster so it Doesnt Take as LongIf you want to know how to write a book faster so it doesnt take as long, here are our best tips.#1 Establishing a Strategic DeadlineDeadlines are designed to help you inch closer to completing your book. It also encourages you to work every day hitting both short-term and long-term goals. However, you wont find success by setting arbitrary due dates. They must be set up for your books success.Here are3 ways to establish strategic deadlines:Define realistic deadlines.Set short te rm and long term deadlines for each portion of your draft that breaks down your entire book.Set honest expectations.If youre only able to write 500 words a day, so be it. Dont push yourself into thinking that you can complete an unrealistic task. Be honest with your abilities and align it with your deadline.Implement rewards. Dont make writing a book feel like a tedious job. Reward yourself for achieving your goals! Attaching rewards to each accomplishment will make finishing your book much more aspiring to complete.Action Step:Before writing, set your first draft time frame between 30-90 days and set target dates that tackle both short term and long term goals for your first draft.#2 Prioritizing Your Writing Into TasksWhat separates those who can write multiple books to those who can barely write a page isthe ability to prioritize. Because there are so many competing factors that pull away our time and energy,prioritizing is actually a very hard concept to implement.But in order to write your book, you need to establish clear priorities to get anything done.Here are some ways to prioritize your work:List out every detail of your book and turn them into tasksAssess each task to identify what carries the biggest value to completing your bookOrder tasks by its immediate priority and length of time to completeAnticipate unexpected changes to your schedule, and plan an alternative schedule to stay on trackAction Step:Make the effort and spend a few hours prioritizing your writing process. You will be surprised with how much writing you can accomplish with a well thought out task plan.#3 Creating Word Count GoalsOne of the best ways to accelerate the writing process is to set word count goals. Like training intervals, setting up word count goals will pace how many words to write a day.First you have to understand how many words in a novel for your genre. Once you know this, you can work backward to figure out how much you have to write each day in order to reach your deadline.By establishing these parameters for your own success, not only will you be more likely to accomplish these goals, but you will also notice improvements to your writing.Heres an example of a tracking sheet you can set up in order to accomplish your word count goals:We recommend writing down your daily, weekly, and monthly word count goals to not only show your current progress, but to keep you motivated until you reach the end. It also helps to include rewards for every new milestone!Action Step:Start your daily word count goal to 500-1,000 words per day. By completing 1,000 words per day, you’ll be looking at your completed 30,000 word first draft in one month!#4 Finding Your Accountability PartnerA supportive partner can be a great soundboard, a first pair of eyes, and a protector of your sanity. They can also be the extrinsic motivation you need to meet your own deadlines and word counts.When you have an accountability partner backing you up, it makes it ha rder to procrastinate because they expect great results from you!At Self-Publishing School, we believe in the accountability system and encourage our students to pair up with other like-minded students to encourage one another and hold each other accountable for reaching goals and deadlines.This is done through our Mastermind Community, so everyone has the same goal in mind: start writing a book and finish by self-publishing a book.It’s a great motivating tactic and helps our students complete their books on time.Action Step:Find an accountability partner who is willing to encourage and hold you accountable to meet your deadlines!#5 Setting Challenges for YourselfFollowing the same routine can get old quickly especially for something lengthy like writing the first draft of your book.To combat the fear of boredom and add more spark to your writing project, we encourage you to set challenges for yourself!Here are some simple challenges to set to write your book faster:Double t he word count youve originally set daily, monthly, yearlyPurposely tighten deadlines to increase pressureBan the use of your phone or all forms of distractions until youve completed your taskRead your unfinished draft out loud to someone new for feedbackAction Step:Include a few of these challenges every so often to increase the intensity of your writing. You may tack on even better rewards for each successful challenge youve completed.If you ever dream of becoming a self-published author, now is the time to finally make it a reality.By following these guidelines on how to develop a robust writing process, you will have your first book ready to publish in no time.Ready to become a successful author?You already know you want to write a book. Your problem is howtogetitdonetimely. Because lets be honest, we all dont have years to get a book done.But thats where we come in.

Community corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Community corrections - Essay Example Furthermore, community correction officers are now being required to perform more duties for the criminals as compared to the past and their salaries have not been increased in compliance with the increase in their duties. The policy makers need to read this article and realize and accept these issues and increase the funding of community corrections and increase the salaries paid to community correction officers. Furthermore, the policy makers even need to increase in the number of community correction officers to share the workload. The article is even very helpful for those who are pursuing a career in the field of criminal justice system or who aspire to become the administrators of community correction. It informs them about the challenges they will be facing in future as community correction managers as well as community correction officers. This article can even be used by students and educationists to research the field of community corrections and find solutions to the probl ems faced by this

REPORT TASK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

REPORT TASK - Research Paper Example Furthermore, it has the capability to act as a remote control for the phone or certain cameras. As of today, the Pebble Smartwatch has over 1000 applications in its own Pebble app store. This innovative device marks a big stepping stone in today’s engineering technology. Many companies always discover new ideas and gimmicks to sell products, and also try to invent new systems that are compatible with other devices such as Bluetooth control and media servers among others. Pebble watch is a manifestation of an original and creative idea in innovation and merging of technologies. The Pebble Watch’s design is based on a concept by Eric Migicovsky. Eric, a Canadian engineer, is one of the leading inventors below 35 years today. Story behind the watch’s invention goes that Eric loves cycling. Besides that, the designer loved smart electronic devices. While cycling, his smartphone would either ring or vibrate inside his pocket, necessitating him to temporarily abort his wheeling only to check the phone. Bored with such disturbance, Eric decided to design a smart wristwatch that can be wirelessly linked to a smartphone. While in his dorm room, Eric gathered a few electronic parts and assembled a prototype that would later become one of the greatest inventions in wristwatch technology. Pebble watch is not the only island in the ocean of smartwatches. In the recent past, leading electronic companies produced wrist watches installed with GPS features that can track distance during running exercises. This shows that inventors within the watch category are interested in developing wrist watches that can do more things than just tell time. Expectedly, Pebble watch can do a myriad of activities, some of which remain inconceivably associated with a small wristwatch. As acknowledged earlier, the watch supports approximately 1000 applications from various categories including entertainment, health and education.

Sports textile Essay Example for Free

Sports textile Essay Sports textile is one of the branches of technical textiles. Now a day’s sophisticated technology are used in technical textile to produce sports wear. Hi-tech textiles in sport are 1 S. NO TOPIC PAGE NO 1 Introduction 2 2 Objective 3 3 Properties/Function required for sports wear 3 3. 1. Desirable attributes of functional sports and leisure wear 5 3. 2. Properties of sports textiles 6 4 Textile material and fabric structure for sports wear 7 4. 1. Development of fibers 7 4. 2. High-performance fibers 8 4. 3. Special fibers used 10 4. 4. Types of fabrics 11 4. 5. Layered fabrics 13 5 Market size for sports wear 14. 5. 1. The key impediments to the growth of sporttech product 15 6 Application/Uses of sportswear 16 7 Conclusion 16 8 Bibliography 17 nothing new. In twenty first century, clothing is an important issue for general consumer, active athletes and for those who practice sports just for fitness in their leisure time. The sports fabrics are generally ultra-breathable and have high heat and moisture management properties, light weight, fast drying properties and feature elasticity properties. These fabrics also have superior strength and durability. The latest sports textile materials are much more function for fulfilling  specific needs in different sports activities. The sports such are i. Winter sports ii. Summer sports iii. Outdoor games iv. Indoor games v. Football vi. Cricket vii. Climbing viii. Cycling ix. Flying and sailing sports x. Athletics xi. Other sports The people are paying more attention to sports activity and that the market for sportswear continues to expand. So the consumers seem to be prepared to spend considerable amounts of money on sportswear and other functional fabrics, which have made the market attractive to many producers. In sports, previously a traditionalapparel textilewas used. For that theplayer hasto face so many problems such as: i. Sweating – which stick the fabric with body ii. Feeling hot during run iii. Improper stretch ability iv. Extra weight of the fabric v. Give protection to body skin during fall on the ground vi. Inadequate fabric for fluid resistance for swimmer vii. Windproof, waterproof fabric for sailor 2 viii. Light weight shoe with proper strength air circulation ix. High tenacity resistance to abrasion for the skiwear uniform x. Improper gripping of the shoes during run etc. Therefore,technologyhastodevelopfortheaboveshortcomings. Andforthattheresearch activity took place; and the country who were in the foremost are: Japan, Sweden, Spain and United State. To bridge the gap and promote the partnership and collaboration between the stakeholders government-end users. 3. PROPERTIES/FUNCTIONS REQUIRED FOR SPORTSWEAR Many different aspects have to be considered when designing clothing for a particular sport. 1. The protection/safety functions to protect wearers from adverse weather (wind, rain and snow, etc). 2. The comfort function which gives wear comfort (thermo-physiological comfort, skin sensorial comfort, body movement comfort) to wearers, 3. The exercise function to assist positively improvement of athletic records and attainment of one’s target, 4. Aesthetic appeal and high fashion ability. In order to meet such requirements, waterproof/moisture permeable fabrics, perspiration absorbing/ fast drying fabrics, warmth retentive fabrics, stretchable fabrics, etc. have been developed. From sensitivity or aesthetics point of view softness, surface texture, handle, luster, colour comfort are important factors. 3 5. For active sportswear requires super lightweight, low fluid resistance, super high tenacity stretchablility. For those who are seeking comfort healthy pursuits critical features include thermal regulation, UV resistance, sweat absorption fast drying, vapour permeability. 6. Moisture management is one of the key performance criteria in todays apparel industry. It is defined as the ability of a garment to transport moisture away from the skin to the garments outer surface. This action prevents perspiration from remaining next to the skin. In hot conditions, trapped moisture may heat up and lead to fatigue or diminished performance. In cold conditions, trapped moisture will drop in temperature and cause chilling and hypothermia. Excess moisture may also cause the garment to become heavy, as well as cause damage to the skin from chafing. Table no. 1 Function of sports textiles. S. No Function Description 1. Heat transport performances The sport fabrics require to maintain body temperature during various sports activities. The heat transport properties of fabric make possible to feel the sportsman cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The fibrous material, bulk entrapped air within the fabric affects the heat transport properties of the sportswear. 2 Moisture transport performance By changing the cross sections of the fiber and by using special chemicals; fabrics are made which have high moisture transport properties. Such fabric keeps the body dry by keeping moisture away from body surface in vapor and/or liquid form. 3 Anti-static performances Sportswear fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can dissipate electrical charge. 4 4 Antimicrobial performances Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities. 5 Ultraviolet protection Sports fabrics can remove UV-A and UV-B rays that are dangerous to the skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority general natural and man-made fibres. 3. 1. Desirable attributes of functional sports and leisurewear: a. Optimum heat and moisture regulation. b. Rapid moisture absorption and conveyance capacity. c. Good air and water permeability d. Prevention of a long term feeling of dampness. e. Low water absorption of the layer of clothing facing the skin. f. Quick drying fabric to prevent catching cold. g. Pleasant to skin, soft, non-abrasive and non-chafing. h. Dimensionally stable even when wet. i. Durable j. Lightweight k. Soft and pleasant touch l. Easy care m. Smart and functional design Table no: 2 Required functions on the main sportswear S. No. Sportswear Required Function 1. Shirts for tennis,volleyball, golf, football, rugby, base ball uniform, tracksuits etc. Sweat absorption, fast drying, cooling. 2. Skiwear, wind breakers, rain wear Vapor permeability, water proofing 3. Skiwear, wind breakers, tracksuits Sunlight absorbing and thermal retention 5 4. Swimming race and skating costume, ski jump and downhill skiing suits, cycling costumes Low fluid resistance (for water and air) 5. Swimwear, leotards, skating costume. Stretch ability, opacity 6. Skiwear, snowboard wear, football and base ball uniform High tenacity, heat melt resistance to abrasion 3. 2. Properties of sports textiles: Sports textile must have comport ability, easy to wear, easy handling. Sports textiles fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can permit the effectual dissipation of electrical charge. It should be light as best as possible. Fabric filaments are made highly effecting in moisture management thus they can wick the moisture as known as sweat away from the body keeps body dry. Sports textile should have good perspiration fastness.As this sports fabric has a special property well known as heat conductivity make possible to feel the user cooler in summer warmer in winter. Garments manufactured from sports textiles fabrics, keeps the normal stability of body comfort, because these fabrics are ultra-breathable, fast drying and possess outstanding moisture managing properties, which rapidly wick moisture away from the body. These garments are also very less in weight feature elasticity properties, which provides immense comfort and independence of movement.Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities. Sports textiles fabrics remove UVA and UVB rays that are dangerous to the skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority general natural and man-made fibers. It also provides superior strength and durability. The athletics the leisure activities for their better performance in the sports. 4. TEXTILE MATERIAL AND FABRIC STRUCTURE FOR SPORTSWEAR: 6 It is not possible to achieve all required properties for sportswear in a simple structure of any single fiber. The right type of fiber should be in the right place. The behavior of the fabric is mainly depending on its base fibers properties. The most important properties are: fiber type;weave construction; weight or thickness of the material and presence of chemical treatments. 4. 1. Development of fibers: The evolution of fiber developments has gone through the phases of conventional fibers, highly functional fibers and high-performance fibers. Polyester is the single most common fiber used for sportswear and active wear. Other fibers suitable for active wear are polyamide, polypropylene, acrylics and elastanes. Wool and cotton fibers are still finding applications in leisurewear. Synthetic fibers can either be modified during manufacture, e. g. by producing  hollow fibers and fibers with irregular cross-section, or be optimally blended with natural fibers to improve their thermo-physiological and sensory properties. Synthetic fibers with improved UV resistance and having anti-microbial properties are also commercially available for use in sportswear. Improved fiber spinning techniques in melt spinning, wet spinning, dry spinning as well as new techniques such as gel spinning, bi-component spinning and microfiber spinning, have all made it possible to produce fibers, yarns and fabrics with unique performance characteristics suitable for use in sportswear and sports goods. New technologies for producing microfibers have also contributed towards production of high-tech sportswear. By using the conjugate spinning technique, many different types of sophisticated fibers with various functions have been commercially produced which has resulted in fabrics having improved mechanical, physical, chemical and biological functions. The technique of producing sheath/core melt spun conjugate fibers has been commercially exploited for producing added-value fibers. Unitika produced the first heat-degenerating conjugate fiber with a core containing zirconium carbide (ZrC). S0ince ZrC absorbs sunlight (visible and near-infrared radiations) and emits far-infrared radiation, one feels warmer when one puts on a jacket made from such fibers. Other types of heat-generating fibers contain ceramic micro-particles. 4. 2. High-performance fibers: Today, a wide range of high-performance fibers is commercially available for technical and industrial applications. These types of fibers are used in sports protective wear/equipment 7 developed for impact protection and in textile reinforcement in sports products for different applications. Among the speciality fibers already established are the following. Aramidfibers: Figure no: 1 aramid fibers Figure no: 2 Gloves made from aramid  ± p-aramid fiber will provide high strength and ballistics.  ± m-aramid fiber will provide flame and heat resistance. Ultra-high tenacity polyethylene fibers (UHMWPE): Gel spun, ultra high molecular polyethylene fibers with extremely high specific strength and modulus, high chemical resistance and high abrasion resistance. Polyphenylene sulphide fibers (PPS): Crystalline thermoplastic fiber with mechanical properties similar to regular polyester fiber. Excellent heat and chemical resistance. 8 Polyetheretherketone fibers (PEEK): Crystalline thermoplastic fiber with high resistance to heat and to a wide range of chemicals. Novoloid (cured phenol-aldehyde) fibers: High flame resistance, non-melting with high resistance to acid, solvents, steam, chemicals and fuels. Good moisture regain and soft hand. PBO (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fibers: The strength and modulus of this fiber exceed those of any known fibers. Table no: 3 Characteristics of High-performance fibers High-performance fibers Characteristics Glass fiber High resistance. Aramid Mechanical strength and high resistance to flame and heat. High tenacity polyethylene High mechanical strength, chemical  and abrasion resistance. Polyphenylene sulfide Excellent chemical and heat resistance. PBO(polybenzoxazole) High mechanical strength. . 4. 3. Special fibers used: †¢Hygra20 †¢Killat N23 Killat N from Kanebo Ltd is a nylon hollow filament. The hollow portion is about 33 per cent of the cross section of each filament due to which it gives good water absorbency and warmth retentive property. The manufacturing technology of Killat N is 9 very interesting. The yarn is spun as bicomponent filament yarn with soluble polyester copolymer as the core portion and nylon as the skin portion. Then by giving alkali weight  loss treatment the soluble polyester copolymer of the bicomponent filament will dissolve and a large hollow portion (exceeding 30 per cent of the cross section) will be created as shown is Figure 5. †¢Dacron 4-Channel Polyester a generic term for a high-performance four-channel fiber engineered to move moisture and speed the evaporation of perspiration. It is a superior fabric for wicking action, drying time, moisture absorption and transport. A high-performance, four-channel fiber engineered to move moisture and speed the evaporation of perspiration. It is a superior fabric, for wicking action, drying time,moisture absorption and transport. Lycra25 Figure no:3 Swimwear made by lycra Lycra, a truly synthetic fiber of long chain polymer composed of at least 85% segmented polyurethane, finds wide range of end uses such as swimwear, active sportswear, floor gymnastics because of its comfort and fit2O. Adding Lycra to a fabric gives it stretch and recovery, particularly in gymnastics and swimwear where body skin flexing and stretching are inevitable. Lycra T-9026 requires still effort for the same extensibility. Roica and Leofeel 10 Roica is a polyether type spandex made by dry spinning method and Leofeel is asoft nylon-66 yarn developed by Asahi Chemical. The combination of Roica and Leofeel in mixed knitted tricot fabric gives a soft touch and excellent stretch. It is mainly used in swim wear . 4. 4. Types of fabrics: A wide range of woven, knitted and nonwoven fabrics are commercially available for sportswear and normal wear. These fabrics differ in their structure such as entrapped air, pore shape and size, bulk and surface properties etc. which may affect the heat and moisture transmission characteristics of the fabrics. For sportswear, knitted fabrics are preferred as these fabrics have greater elasticity  and stretchability compared to woven fabrics, which provide unrestricted freedom of movement and transmission of body vapour to the next textile layer in the clothing system. With new combinations of fabrics and yarns, and with developments in fabric construction, knitted fabric appears to be the ideal base for active sportswear. Knitted garments are mainly worn next to the skin and therefore deserve particular attention.Entrant Dermizax EV is a lightweight fabric having a feather smooth texture with excellent waterproof/moisture permeability and durable water repellency such as 20,000 mm of water pressure resistance and moisture permeability of 30,000 g/m2/24 hrs. It is an excellent and original active sportswear fabric with globally top class water proof/moisture permeability, as well as excellently durable water repellency. Its action of waterproofing moisture permeability. fig no:4 Entrant Dermizax EV fiber †¢Entrant HB is a new generation fabric with hybrid structure that synergistically integrates the advantages offered by a coating (well-balanced moisture permeability) and lamination (high waterproofness). It has high resistance to water pressure and high 11 durability against repeated washings (80 points or higher after 20 wash cycles). Its main application is outdoor wear. Toray has developed H2OFF made up of polyester microfibre fabric with a unique high-density weave structure comprising millions of microcrimped fiber loops. It also feature superb and durable water repellency, superior breathability and wind-chill resistance and attractiveness with soft hand. †¢Naiva30: Unitika has developed Naiva fabric by combining the Naiva yarn with a nylon microfibre. Naiva is an Eval/nylon bicomponent filament yarn and Eval is nothing but a copolymer resin of ethylenevinylalcohol. Naiva yarn composition is 55% Eval (23% ethylene + 32% vinyl alcohol) and 45% nylon. In the Naiva fabrics there are many nylon micro loops on the surface, which are formed by making use of high thermal shrinkage property of Naiva yarn. Naiva fabric not only has good moisture permeability but also has some other positive features like lightweight, softness and has capability of secondary finishing. The fabric is very successfully used in mountaineering wear and other active sportswear. fig no:5 structure of Naiva 30. Field Sensor21: Field Sensor is a very popular high-performance fabric from Toray,  which employs a multilayer structure that not only absorbs perspiration quickly but also transports it up to the outer layer of fabric very rapidly using principle of capillary action. It is composed of coarser denier yarn on the inside surface (in direct contact with skin), and fine denier hydrophobic polyester yarn in a mesh construction on the outer surface to accelerate quick evaporation of sweat. COOLMAX: DuPont CoolMax is a high-performance fabric that can help the athletic performance of the people who wear it. CoolMax ® moves sweat away from the body to 12 the outer layer of the fabric, where it dries faster than any other fabric. In moisture management tests, garments made with CoolMax dried almost completely in 30 minutes. Cotton, by comparison, remained wet by nearly 50%. Better evaporation means you spend less energy to cool your body, which increases your performance and endurance. CoolMax fabrics are specially designed to provide not only superior moisture management, but also to enhance the wearers comfort. All of the benefits of CoolMax fabrics are permanently built right into the fiber, requiring no chemical treatments. 4. 5. Layered fabrics: Layered fabrics became common for active sportswear. The performance of layered fabric in thermophysiological regulation is better than single layer textile structure. Each layer has distinct function; the layer next to the skin is to wick away the perspiration rapidly to the outer layer, which absorbs and dissipates it rapidly to the atmosphere by evaporation. In doing so, it takes away some of the body heat and keeps the body cool. On the inside, a synthetic material with good moisture transfer properties, e. g. polyester, nylon, acrylic or polypropylene is used whereas on the outside, a material which is good absorber of moisture, e. g.cotton, wool, viscose rayon or their blends can be placed. The conductive inner layer transfers the liquid perspiration rapidly to the absorbent outer layer chiefly as a result of the capillary effect. The absorbent outside of the textile material functions as a buffer zone for excess perspiration. In another way of constructing a physiologically functional fabric is three-layer structure. The use of superfine or microfibre yarn enables production of dense fabrics leading to more effective capillary action, with better thermo-physiological regulation. 13 14 Cellulosic or other Hydrophilic Fibres. Fig no:6 Two layered fabric structure for active wear 15 16 Cellulosic or Hydrophilic fibres Polyester micro fibres Polyester or other wicking fiber Fig no:7 Three layered fabric structure for active wear 5. MARKET SIZE FOR SPORTS TEXTILES: The technical textiles usage in the Sportech segment is valued at Rs 2,632 crore in 2007-08. The sports footwear components account for around 85% of the total segment value followed by technical textiles usage in sports composites with around 11%share. The sports footwear components are valued at Rs 2,250 crore and are expected to grow at around 11% y- o-y over the next 5 years. The technical textiles usage in sports composites is valued at Rs 293 crore. Sport composites include inflatable balls (footballs, volleyball, basketballs, etc), cricket protective equipments and boxing equipments. Around 30% of the sports composites are exported. Artificial turfs are valued at Rs 26 crore and account for about 1% of the segment only. The artificial turfs are not manufactured in India and the demand is met through imports.The usage of technical textiles in parachute fabrics, sleeping bags and hot air balloon fabricsisestimatedasRs18. 4crorein2007-08whichisexpectedtoincreasetoRs28crore by 2012-13. The consumption of sail cloth in India is negligible. †¢Sports nets, high performance swimwear and tents account for the remaining technical textiles consumption in Sportech with market size of Rs 5 crore, Rs 0. 84 crore and Rs 39 crore respectively in 2007-08. India exports around 40% of its sports nets production and around 25% of its tents production. The usage of technical textiles in sports nets and tents is expected to increase to Rs 30 crore and Rs 49. 8 crore respectively by 2012-13. Overall, the usage of technical textiles in the Sportech segment is expected to increase 17 fromRs2,632crorein2007-08toaroundRs4,358croreby2012-13,growingata CAGRof just below 11%. Sportech segment of technical textiles is estimated to provide employment to 88,000 peopleofwhomnumberoftechnicalemployeesisestimatedat70,000andnumberof non-technical employees is estimated at 18,000.The sports footwear industry is expected to grow by at least 8 percent per annum and accordingly, the demand potential for sports shoes and the attendant requirement of fabrics would be as below Table no: 4 Market Potential for fabric requirement for sports wear Year Sports Shoes Requirement of fabric (million meters) Million Pairs Value(Rs. Crore) 2001-02 570 5100(1020). 105 2003-04 595 5950(1200) 120 2007-08 804 8040(1600) 140 Note: Figures in brackets indicate approximate value of technical textile shoe component 5. 1. The key impediments to the growth of Sporttech products:- Inadequate domestic demand The raw materials and machinery for products like Ballooning fabric and Artificial turfs is not available in India which render these products expensive as compared to other manufacturing countries Demand for products like parachute fabrics, tents, etc is driven primarily by the  defense sector onlySportech products are typically labour intensive, availability of skilled labour is a major impediment to growth Licenses and clearances required for products like Ballooning fabric are a major impediment as well. This interactive workshop on Sports Textile focuses on building bridges between the Users and Manufactures. It will provide thought leadership and strategic vision to the technical textile industry in general and Sports textile in particular. 6. APPLICATIONS/USES OF SPORTSWEAR: Sports textile has versatile use. Some uses of Sports Textile are given below: 18 i. Sports composites ii. Artificial turf iii. Ballooning fabrics iv. Parachute fabrics v. Sail cloth vi. Sports nets vii. Sports footwear viii. Tents for sports ix. Swimming costume x. Sleeping bags xi. Sports equipment xii. Cycling xiii. Golf xiv. Tennis xv. Mountaineering, xvi. Skiing, xvii. Cricket, etc. 7. CONCLUSIONS Modern peoples are paying more attention to sports activity. The use of sports fabric is increasing day by day in various sports and leisure activities. The consumers seem to be prepared to spend considerable amounts of money on sportswear and other functional fabrics. During designing the sportswear fabrics, the aspects which are considered: protection/safety functions to protect wearers from adverse weather, comfort functions which gives wear comfort (thermal, sensorial and body movement comfort), exercise function to enhance performance of athlete, and aesthetic appeal and high fashion ability. The required functions of sportswear fabrics differ in different situations such as type of sports, environmental conditions and level of activity etc. Sportswear developed by using special type of polymer, type of fibrous material, modifying the fiber/yarn/fabric structure, lamination,  finishing technology and manufacturing technology etc. The introduction of high functionality and comfort in the sportswear fabrics provide unlimited scope for sportswear fabrics. 19 8. BIBILIOGRAPHY: ?Development Active Sportswear Fabrics and Synthetic Fibre Producers, JTN, Dec. ,1983, ?Sports Textile/Sporttech | Properties of Sports Textile | Application/Uses of Sports Textile, http://textilelearner. blogspot. in/2012/03/sports-textilesporttech-properties-of. html Assessed on 24. 12. 2012 ?International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR) ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 2, No.1, January 2013 ?i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www. irjcjournals. org ?Active Sportswear Fabrics ? Dr. Devanand Uttam, Assistant Professor, Punjab Technical University, Giani Zail Singh Campus, Bathinda, India ?FICCI Presents interactive workshop on sports textiles by Ministry of textiles. ?COOLMAX ® Performance Fabrics, 11495_CoolMaxSS_v3 2/25/04. ?Textiles in sports† by R. Shishoo ?An emergence of sport-tech in technical textile industry by M. Nithiyakumar,G. Thamotharam ?www. indiantextile journal. com ?www. fibre2fashion. com ?www. texmin. com ?www. design-technology. org/sportsshoes1. htm .

enzemes potato hydrogen peroxide :: essays research papers

How the concentration of enzymes controls the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide? Aim- We are investigating the effect of changing the concentration of the enzyme catalase has on the rate of breaking down of Hydrogen Peroxide. Background Info- This experiment will involve some soft potato. Potato has a very high enzyme count, that ¡Ã‚ ¦s why we use it in this experiment. This enzyme is called catalase. It is used in our body to break down food and other things that we might digest. A catalase speeds up the rate of reactions. The enzymes are all protean molecules. We will also use Hydrogen Peroxide and washing up liquid. The catalase breaks down the Hydrogen Peroxide into oxygen and water. The more vigorous the reaction the more froth that it creates. The reaction in the experiment: Hydrogen peroxide „ ³ oxygen + water 2H2O2 „ ³ O2 + H2O The enzyme can be used around the body to help chemical reactions, it speeds them up! The enzyme breaks up larger molecules into smaller pieces. This is how the enzymes work below I have described some of the things that can affect how well it works. Fair test/ Factors- Temp- This can affect the movement of the particles. The higher the temp the faster the particles will move and the more collisions. If the temp of the Hydrogen Peroxide is too low the experiment will fail! High Temp- It gives them more energy so they move faster this means that they are likely to connect the substrate and the active site. The high temp also gives the particles kinetic energy. This means that the Hydrogen Peroxide will be broken down quicker. Best Temp- This is the hottest the enzyme can be heated without the active site changing (denaturing). If the active site changes then the reaction will no longer work. From our preliminary test we found out that the optimum temp is 25oc this is around room temp. PH- All enzymes have an optimum PH, the wrong PH can cause denaturing. The Ph can ¡Ã‚ ¦t be too acid or alkaline so keep it as near to 7 as possible. If the enzyme denatures then it is no use for breaking down the Hydrogen Peroxide. Concentration of H2O2- The higher the concentration the more collisions with the active site. This means there is an increased rate of reaction. Creating more froth so the concentration will have to be the same for each of the test tubes.

Project Management Essay

Project management is one of the most important and critical tool or technique, which defines the entire course of development of any kind of project. Project management works as an ignition for the chain reaction of the whole development cycle. It also helps to layout each and every step of the development cycle and defines the action plan to be followed during the risk-conditions. Not only this, project management methodologies help track down the success rate for a project and improve the understandability of the workforce. Conventionally, any project management approach revolves around the 5 basic processes involved in project management, named as: †¢ Initiation: This step determines the nature and scope of the project. All the basic elements of the project like requirements analysis and feasibility, review of current operations, goals are determined. It is the most crucial stage and if performed incorrectly, results in the failure of the whole project. †¢ Planning & design: This stage basically helps to plan time, cost, and resource during the course of the development. Risk planning is also performed to effectively tackle uncertainties. †¢ Executing consists of the activities used in the process to work in sync with the project plan so as to meet the deadlines of different milestones. †¢ Monitoring & control: These processes verify and validate the activities and their sequence and timelines with the project plan. The quality of activities is also considered here. †¢ Closing includes the formal acceptance of the product so developed. Administrative and other formal activities are performed to release the product to the end-user or client after thorough testing. Different project management approaches are designed for easily carrying out the different process in a planned way for accomplishing all the requirements. Each approach have key feature of its own which keeps the activities in sync with the project plan. Some project management approaches are: †¢ The traditional approach: This approach is the most basic approach in project management. It is quite similar to the waterfall model in software development services. All the five processes are executed in sequence, with the extension of recursive-ness of a few processes to support the development cycle. †¢ PRINCE2: It is a structured approach for project management introduced in 1996. It posses the  key feature of automatic control of any deviation observed against the project plan. Each specified process in this approach, has its key input and output with the associated activities to be performed and specified goals of those activities. Processes are divided into manageable stages and close monitoring of each stage results in an organized and controlled rolling out of activities. †¢ Lean Project-management: This approach to project management is based on the concept of lean-manufacturing. Lean-manufacturing is centered on the elimination of wastage in order to minimize the cost of production and hence improving the quality of the product. †¢ Event Chain methodology: It has a key feature of identifying and managing events and event chains which affects the schedule of the projects. This approach helps in handling the negative impact & allows the modeling of uncertainties in project schedule. However, it is not necessary that all the project management methodologies work well. In the dynamic industry environment, the basic aim of any project management strategy is to accomplish a task. However, it should be within the allocated budget and time while maintaining the quality of the final product. Project management approaches enable organisations to accomplish projects efficiently, addressing both internal constraints and dynamic external situations in the interim. Project management enables organisations to prevent or remove internal project constraints and also adapt to unforeseen changes in project scope or goals. An organisation can, depending on its requirements, either adopt a standard project management approach or combine multiple approaches. Additionally, an organisation has the advantage of project management software applications which facilitates intelligent planning, constraint removal and monitoring of projects. Here is a list of standard project management approaches. Traditional approach The traditional approach assumes that the project scope and goals will remain constant till project completion. Obviously, a project manager plans and identifies project resources based on this assumption. The traditional approach lays down the following project phases: †¢ Project initiation †¢ Project planning and design †¢ Project monitoring and control †¢ Project execution †¢ Project completion Since the approach is inherently rigid, many organisations may choose a hybrid project management approach. Critical chain approach The approach assumes that at least one constraint (behavioural or process-related) is likely to hinder projects which utilise complex processes and a large number of cross-functional teams. The approach recommends the use of behavioural and mathematical sciences to first predict, and then analyse and remove constraints. The project team can use data to remove the constraints. For example, if productivity is a foreseen concern, then a project manager could track the actual time spent by team members on the job. This approach is useful in sending quality deliverables on time by proactively removing constraints. Extreme project approach This approach is suitable for projects which handle dynamic situations, such as, changing customer requirements. Often, it may not be possible to obtain a full clarity of requirements and a project may purely be guided by market changes. The mobile phone industry, which experiences rapid changes, is a case in point. The project team, hence, plans purely on the basis of the currently available data and depending on requirement changes, modifies plans. Event chain project approach According to this approach, a single constraint can create a chain of constraints and severely impede a project. For example, in a project, if several departments depend on one another, then constraints in any one department can negatively impact the productivity of downstream departments. A project team can use past data to foresee a negative event and identify  preventive measures. Reliable data, collected over time, can even help track event chains. The Gantt chart is a popular event chain tracking tool. The event chain approach, hence, could be an excellent problem solving approach for critical projects. Project management software — how useful is it? Project management software capabilities have expanded notably and it gives more than just scheduling meetings and activities. A project management tool can estimate the effort, monitor project progress and highlight risks. It can also preserve historical data on past projects, which can be extremely useful in foreseeing constraints. Project management tools are available as desktop, web-based and collaborative applications and they are compatible for every type of project management approach. Many organisations have begun to adopt a hybrid project management approach, by combining the best features of standard project management approaches. This approach has been beneficial and indeed goes to show how flexible the project management approaches are. Read more at http://www.business2community.com/strategy/differing-approaches-to-project-management-0154472#iEJ2HHvpfEMXGPye.99

Business communication Essay

SNC-Lavalin is one of the largest engineering companies in Canada, and one of the largest all around the world, however, failed to effectually communicate and face communication problem. This analysis report contains communication problems and influences on company. Additional information related to causes and symptoms of communication problem. Likewise, communicate with stakeholder groups result in concerns, and SNC-Lavalin use different communication model to deal with each group. The main communication problem is bypassing and different frames of reference. In communication process, bypassing can result in miscommunication, because the CEO and employee do not have the same symbolic meanings and bring own biases in any communication. Due to the longer lines of communication between CEO and employee, the message could be distorted. This problem impact on company fund missing and mystery payment, also, SNC-Lavalin’s stock decline a lot. The reason of problem happens because la ck trust, lack communication skills competition for status and rewards. It is easy to cause communication problem if no trust between communicationï ¼Å'through the long over time, the mistakes will become seriously and many mistakes are due to lack communication skills. Meanwhile, personal status and rewards will cause bypassing, lack organization concept, to the extent that different people pay more attention on their own profit rather than the common goal. SNC-Lavalin shows several symptoms due to communication problem. First, agents help company win a contract by paid bribes, but can’t follow the appropriate routines. Second, after $56 million dollars missing, Gwyn Morgan, the company chairman, denied that there is no responsibility for  superior officers, and resign suddenly after stated. Third, Cynthia Vanier help Muammar Gaddafi’s son smuggle and do illegal trading, as well as denied the charge. Employees and shareholders are the key stakeholder groups, however, different group has different concern. To specific, employees concern about their job and incomeï ¼Å'because it is close related to employees’ life quality. Meanwhile, shareholders concern about their profit, because it means stock rights will be influenced, in other word, shareholders profit could losing. SNC-Lavalin follows the communication models with each stakeholder group. As for communicate with employees; the first step is having idea. After organize idea, use encode like transfer language and write down or typewriting. After that, delivered by announcement or email. In order to overcome misunderstanding, improve the flow of message in company. Sign on the paper one by one after employees receive, if have problem mark it clearly. SNC-Lavalin have to give an effectively communication to shareholders. When idea formation by SNC-Lavalin, convert an idea into words that include meaning. It is necessary for general meeting of shareholders every year, in the meeting; shareholders understand the meaning stand for decodes the message successfully. Finally, ask question come up with feedback, and descriptive is the best choice. In conclusion, it is important for SNC-Lavalin communication effectively. This case analysis points out the main communication problem refer to SNC-Lavalin, at the same time, detail analysis about influence on company, moreover, discuss reason and manifestation about communication problem. After that, analyze the two key stakeholder groups, and each of them has different concern. Last but not least, SNC-Lavalin use communication model to deal the relationship with each stakeholder group.